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The chromatographic behaviour of four organophosphorus pesticides has been investigated, using capillary gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and packed and wide bore capillary gas liquid chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). The first part of this thesis (Chapter 3) embodies the application of high performance capillary gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and the development of the methodology for analysis of pesticides in fruit and vegetable substrates. Manipulation of GC-MS data during the sample analysis is necessary in order to eliminate the problems arising from the complexity of the samples. The application of selected ion monitoring (SIM) in GC-MS is to a large extent limited by selection of the ion for monitoring, selection of internal standard, optimisation of electrometer zero, the electron multiplier voltage, the selected mass interval, column selection for GC-MS analysis and tuning of the quadrupole GC-MS. A major concern was with the determination of the optimum conditions for the analysis of substrates containing organophosphorus pesticides by GC-MS following solvent extraction (without clean up steps). The analysis of organophosphorus samples using GC-MS-SIM provides detection limits lower than Pg pesticide injected and very good recovery data. The second part (Chapter 4) deals with the application of GC-ECD. Here the role of packed column support, packed and wide bore capillary column temperature and detector temperature was investigated. Comparisons of the relative responses of the pesticides analysed (i) on packed columns and (ii) on wide bore capillary column under different column and detector cell temperatures were undertaken and the optimal condition for each of the organophosphorus pesticides was determined, under the optimal conditions the detection limits and recovery for fruit and vegetable samples were examined. The results from this method were correlated with the data obtained by GC-MS and found to be in very good agreement. The data obtained from analysis using GC-ECD was found to have a higher precision than that obtained by GC-MS, however GC-MS exhibited a higher selectivity for the determination of these pesticides.

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Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / The purpose of the study was to explore public perception on how sanitation has effects on the environment in the Polokwane Local Municipality. Quantitative, analytical research was conducted to determine community perceptions regarding the state of sanitation in Polokwane, that is to establish the perception of the effectiveness of the waste and refuse removal programme and to determine the extent of land pollution in the Polokwane Local Municipality. Data collection was done using structured questionnaires in which community members participated in the study. The total number of respondents, who were community members sampled randomly, was N = 136. The study has highlighted the areas of potential on perceptions of the community regarding the state of sanitation in Polokwane and the relationship of the perception, sanitation practices, the effectiveness of the waste and refuse removal programme and the extent of land pollution in Polokwane and settlement type. The findings of the research study include the following:  The study reveals that the Polokwane Local Municipality does not provide adequate sanitation throughout the municipality especially in the rural settlements;  The results reveal that the Polokwane Local Municipality still has a long way in the prevention and control of land pollution and river streams;  The study further finds that there is no frequent waste removal in the municipality especially in the suburban and rural settlement;  Furthermore, results reveal that there is no adequate hygiene education provision in the Polokwane Local Municipality. In conclusion, it is evident that the Polokwane Local Municipality experiences challenges of the provision of sanitation to the communities especially those who live in rural settlements. In the 21st century and two decades after democracy in South Africa, the residents of Polokwane still experiences sanitation challenges that were promised to be addressed in the dawn of democracy in 1994. Those challenges are land pollution, infrequent waste removal, illegal waste dumping, air and land pollution, river and stream pollution, inadequate hygiene education, inadequate sanitation provision in the rural settlement, lack of waste sorting options. The study recommends that the Polokwane local Municipality should provide adequate sanitation services in rural settlement. It should further develop measures to prevent environmental pollution and to foster communities to have a litter-free environment. The study further recommends that the municipality should have a frequent waste removal programme throughout the municipality even in the rural settlement and suburban areas. The municipality should prioritise community awareness campaigns to educate community members about the negative impact of littering. It is further recommended that, in addition to public awareness against littering, rubbish bins should be made available at all public places and street corners.

Submitted by Maria Eneide de Souza Araujo (mearaujo@ipen.br) on 2017-03-10T16:49:56Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-10T16:49:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A saúde do meio ambiente vem sendo comprometida devido ao descarte incorreto de produtos e seus subprodutos. Dentre os contaminantes emergentes encontram-se os fármacos, causadores de problemas ambientais por serem descartados no meio ambiente através dos efluentes. As técnicas convencionais de tratamento são insuficientes na remoção de diversos fármacos, por apresentarem resíduos resistentes e baixa biodegradabilidade. Sendo assim os processos oxidativos avançados vêm sendo estudados como alternativa para o tratamento de diferentes tipos de efluentes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi aplicar o processo de irradiação com feixe de elétrons para reduzir os efeitos tóxicos do propranolol, e de sua mistura com cloridrato de fluoxetina, em solução aquosa. Foram realizados ensaios ecotoxicológicos com o fármaco propranolol, e de sua mistura com o cloridrato de fluoxetina, utilizando como organismos-teste o microcrustáceo Daphnia similis, e a bactéria Vibrio fischeri. Observamos que o organismo D. similis mostrou-se mais sensível as amostras de fármacos quando comparado à bactéria V.fischeri. Após serem submetidas ao tratamento com radiação ionizante, todas as doses aplicadas para o propranolol e a mistura, mostraram significativa redução de toxicidade, tendo como organismo-teste D. similis. Para a bactéria V. fischeri apenas na dose de 5,0 kGy foi verificada a redução da toxicidade para o fármaco propranolol. Quanto à mistura dos fármacos, apenas as doses de 2,5 e 5,0 kGy apresentaram eficiência de remoção da toxicidade. A dose 5,0 kGy mostrou-se a melhor, apresentando redução de 79,94% para D. similis, e 15,64% para V. fischeri, quando expostas ao fármaco propranolol. Quanto à mistura, apresentou 81,59% e 26,93%, para D.similis e V.fischeri, respectivamente. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP