The study investigated the effects of correction of learners' grammatical errors on acquisition. Specifically, it compared the effects of timing of correction (immediate versus delayed correction) and manner of correction (explicit versus implicit correction). It also investigated the relative effects of correction of morphological versus syntactic features and correction of developmental early versus developmental late features. Data for the study were collected from 56 intermediate level students of English as a Foreign Language in Iranian university and private language school settings. Each participant was required to read and then retell a written text in their own words during an oral interview with the researcher. During or following the interview the researcher corrected the participants on their grammatical errors implicitly (using recasts) or explicitly (providing metalinguistic information). Individualised tests focusing on the errors that had been corrected were constructed for each participant and administered. Statistical analyses were conducted on the scores the participants received on their individualised tests. Results showed no significant differences for timing of correction. However, significant differences were found for manner of correction. Participants who received explicit correction gained significantly higher scores than those who received implicit correction. This finding lends support to the argument of Schmidt (1994) concerning the role of metalinguistic awareness in language acquisition. Correction of morphological features was found to be more effective than that of syntactic features. It is argued that morphological features are generally learnt as items whereas syntactic features involve system learning. Correction of developmental early features was found to be more effective than correction of developmental late features. This finding lends support to suggestions that corrective feedback (like other types of form-focused instruction) needs to take into account learners' cognitive readiness to acquire features (Pienemann 1984; Mackey 1999). iii Analyses of the interactions between independent variables were also conducted. It was found that explicit correction was more effective for the acquisition of developmental early features and implicit correction was more effective for the acquisition of developmental late features The implications of these results for both second language acquisition and language pedagogy are considered.

Née dans le secteur de l'informatique au milieu des années 1980, la localisation est devenue une véritable industrie au début des années 1990. Les milieux de la traduction et de la traductologie ont commencé à s'y intéresser vers la fin des années 1990, intérêt qui semble avoir provoqué un débat sur le sens du terme localisation. Mais, aujourd'hui, savons-nous à quoi renvoie précisément le concpt de localisation? L'objectif de la présente thèse est de proposer une réflexion sur le concept de localisation afin de tenter de le désambiguiser. Nous commençons par faire l'historique de l'industrie de la localisation, présenter la localisation en tant que processus multidisciplinaire et examiner l'emploi du terme localisation. Puis, pour vérifier notre hypothèse selon lauelle l'ambiguité du concept vient du fait que la localisation est un concept multidisciplinaire, nous précédons à l'analyse de définitions et de contextes définitoires tirés de diverses sources, analyse qui met l'accent sur l'objet de la localisation, à savoir la nature du produit localisé. Les définitions et contextes sont regroupés en fonction du domaine d'activité des auteurs qui les ont formulés, de façon à mettre en lumière les différences ou ressemblances entre les specialistes des divers domaines d'activité en lien avec la localisation. L'analyse des définitions et des contextes effectuée permet de constater que les spécialistes des divers domaines d'activité ne s'entendent toujours pas sur le sens du terme localisation. Le concept de localisation demeure flou et ambigu, particulièrement en ce qui a trait à la nature du produit localisé.

Lexical resources are machine-readable dictionaries or lists of words, where semantic relationships between the terms are somehow expressed. These lexical resources have been used for many tasks such as word sense disambiguation and determining semantic similarity between terms. In recent years some research has been put into automatically building lexical resources from large corpora. In this thesis I examine methods of constructing a lexical resource, not from scratch, but rather expanding existing ores. Roget's Thesaurus is a lexical resource that groups terms together based on degrees of semantic relatedness. One of Rogets Thesaurus' weaknesses is that it does not specify the nature of the relationships between terms, it only indicates that there is a relationship. I attempt to label the relationships between terms in the thesaurus. These relationships could include: synonymy, hyponymy/hypernymy and meronymy/holonymy. I examine the Thesaurus for all of these relationships. Sources of these relationships include other lexical resources such as WordNet, and also large corpora and specialized texts such as dictionaries. Roget's Thesaurus has other weaknesses including a somewhat outdated lexicon. Our version of Roget's Thesaurus was created in 1987 and so does not contain words/phrases related to the Internet and other advances since 1987. I examine methods of creating a hypernym hierarchy of nouns. A hierarchy is constructed automatically and evaluated manually by several annotators who are fluent in English. These hypernyms are intended to be used in a system where a human annotator is given a set of hypernyms and indicates which are correct and which are incorrect. This is done to facilitate the process of constructing a lexical resource, a process which was previously done manually. I import over 50,000 hypernym relationships to Roget's Thesaurus. An estimated overall accuracy of 73% is achieved across the entire hypernym set. As a final test the new relationships imported to the Thesaurus are used to improve Roget's Thesaurus capacity of calculating semantic similarity between terms/phrases. The improved similarity function is tested on several applications that make use of semantic similarity. The relationships are also used to improve Roget's Thesaurus' capacity for solving SAT style analogy questions.

Despite recent developments in translation technologies, most existing software programs are designed primarily to cater to the needs of language professionals such as translators and terminologists, while conference interpreters are neglected as a user group with a distinct work profile. Hence, this thesis investigates terminology management in the context of interpreting . A review of literature on interpreting and terminology is complemented by a survey conducted among professional interpreters, in order to identify their terminology management needs and practices and evaluate their experience using computers. Generic guidelines based on survey data are suggested for developing a terminology tool for interpreters, and are implemented in a basic demonstration of the use of database management software (DBMS) in this context.

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El corpus biliografico en tomo al prologo del "filme poema" Un chien andalou (1929) es voluminoso. En este trabajo proporcionamos una sintesis de los analisis del prologo obtenidos gracias a diversos acercamientos: el analisis textual, la indagacion pragmatica, la intertextualidad y el estudio de la recepcion filmica. Identificamos dos esquemas globales que estructuran las imagenes y los temas del prologo: la contraposicion simple y la poesia asociativa surrealista. En los ultimos anos, teoricos y biografos han relacionado la esqumatizacion del prologo con varios discursos que circulaban en aquella epoca y que, segun Jose Caos, forman parte de la antitesis del racionalismo, o sea el antropologismo: las consideraciones entomologicas de Fabre y de Maeterlinck, las reflexiones del marques de Sade sobre la doctrina tomista, el marxismo, los movimientos literarios ultraista y surrealista, y el psicoanalisis. Segun los defensores del psicoanalisis, estos aspectos formales, tematicos y estructurales del prologo escenifican los mecanismos psiquicos regresivos e irracionales que intervienen en la recepcion espectatorial. Sin embargo, nuestro estudio del prologo dentro el marco cognitivo y ecologico revela el caracter racional y adaptativo de estos comportamientos mentales. Asi concluimos que el filme Un chien andalou, mas alla que una simple reaccion en contra del racionalismo, es el sitio donde se contraponen el racionalismo y el antropologismo.

The exponential increase in communications in many different languages brought about by globalization has resulted in a corresponding demand for translation to be done more quickly, but without sacrificing quality. However, there are currently not enough qualified human translators to keep up with the demand. One way in which translators are trying to cope is by turning to technology, including machine translation (MT) systems. MT has the advantage of being able to produce a large volume of translation in a very short time, but it does not always produce high-quality translations. For this reason, MT cannot replace human translation, but it can make translators' work easier by producing rough drafts. Since there are currently many MT systems on the market, there is a real need for an evaluation methodology for translators to help them choose a system that will best meet their needs. As yet, no universally accepted evaluation methodology exists. The objective of this thesis is to develop and test an evaluation methodology that average translators can use to compare off-the-shelf MT systems and select the appropriate one. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Michel Tremblay often denies that he writes about gayness, despite frequent themes of sexual difference in his plays. In Hosanna , for example, he has suggested that the gay content is a metaphor for Quebec's aspirations to independence. In other plays, such as Les anciennes odeurs and Messe solennelle pour une pleine lune d'ete, he seems to be advancing a "banalizing" conception of gay identity. Despite these interpretations, a number of Anglophone academics have mobilized Tremblay's texts to make arguments about community-based gay identity and have treated Tremblay as a gay writer. This thesis seeks to determine if this appropriation is facilitated by the translation process, as a result of the translators intervening in the texts to enhance their gay content. Ultimately, it seems this is not the case, suggesting that the appropriation of Tremblay's work results more from the gay community reading its own conceptions of gay identity into the texts than from the translation process.