A presente pesquisa visa a traduzir e analisar os elementos escatológicos do texto latino do séc. XII, Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii (\"Tratado do Purgatório de São Patrício\"), comparando-os àqueles encontrados em obras ou trechos representativos de mesma ou similar natureza, pertencentes tanto à Alta, quanto à Baixa Idade Média, ainda que não se excluam obrigatoriamente narrativas externas a tais períodos. Entre os textos a serem cotejados, citam-se os seguintes a título de exemplo: a versão latina longa da Visio Pauli (\"A Visão de Paulo\") editada por Hilhorst e Silverstein (1997), os relatos do pós-vida expostos no cap. XXXVI, livro IV, dos Libri Dialogorum, de Gregório Magno, assim como as visões dos cavaleiros Drythelm e Tnugdal, sendo a primeira delas descrita por Beda, no livro V, cap. XII, de sua História Eclesiástica do Povo Inglês (Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum). / The purpose of this research is to translate the 12th century Latin text Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii (\"The Treatise on St. Patrick\'s Purgatory\") and analyze the eschatological elements present in the text by comparing them to those found in works or excerpts of similar nature belonging mainly to the Early and High Middle Ages. Among these are the Long Latin version of the Visio Pauli (\"The Vision of Paul\") edited by Hilhorst and Silverstein (1997), the accounts of life after death described in chapter XXXVI, Book IV, of Gregory the Great\'s Libri Dialogorum (\"Dialogues\"), as well as the visions of the knights Drythelm and Tnugdal, the first of these rendered by Bede in chapter XII, Book V, of his Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum).

This thesis presents TransLucid, a low-level, purely declarative, intensional programming language. Built on a simple algebra and with just a small number of primitives, TransLucid programs define arbitrary dimensional infinite data structures, which are then queried to produce results. The formal foundations of TransLucid come from the work in intensional logic by Montague and Scott. The background chapters give a history of intensional logic and its predecessors in the Western world, as well as a history of intensional programming and Lucid, the first intensional programming language. The semantics of TransLucid are fully specified in the form of operational semantics. Three levels of semantics are given, in increasing order of efficiency, with the sequential warehouse semantics, the most efficient, being presented together with a proof that any expression will be evaluated by only examining relevant dimensions in the current context. The language is then extended in three important ways, by adding versioned identifiers, (declarative) side-effects and timestamped equations and demands. Adding versioned identifiers to TransLucid enriches the expressiveness of the language and allows the encoding of a variety of programming paradigms, ranging from manipulating large data-cubes to pattern-matching. Adding side-effects supports one of the main reasons for TransLucid: namely, to provide a target language, together with a methodology, for translating the main programming paradigms, thus creating a uniform end platform that can be the focus for optimisation and program verification. A translation of imperative programs into TransLucid is given. Timestamped equations and demands enable TransLucid to become a language for synchronous programming in real-time systems, as well as allowing runtime updates to a program's equations. The language TransLucid represents a decisive advance in declarative programming. It has applications in many fields of computer science and opens up exciting new avenues of research.

This thesis presents TransLucid, a low-level, purely declarative, intensional programming language. Built on a simple algebra and with just a small number of primitives, TransLucid programs define arbitrary dimensional infinite data structures, which are then queried to produce results. The formal foundations of TransLucid come from the work in intensional logic by Montague and Scott. The background chapters give a history of intensional logic and its predecessors in the Western world, as well as a history of intensional programming and Lucid, the first intensional programming language. The semantics of TransLucid are fully specified in the form of operational semantics. Three levels of semantics are given, in increasing order of efficiency, with the sequential warehouse semantics, the most efficient, being presented together with a proof that any expression will be evaluated by only examining relevant dimensions in the current context. The language is then extended in three important ways, by adding versioned identifiers, (declarative) side-effects and timestamped equations and demands. Adding versioned identifiers to TransLucid enriches the expressiveness of the language and allows the encoding of a variety of programming paradigms, ranging from manipulating large data-cubes to pattern-matching. Adding side-effects supports one of the main reasons for TransLucid: namely, to provide a target language, together with a methodology, for translating the main programming paradigms, thus creating a uniform end platform that can be the focus for optimisation and program verification. A translation of imperative programs into TransLucid is given. Timestamped equations and demands enable TransLucid to become a language for synchronous programming in real-time systems, as well as allowing runtime updates to a program's equations. The language TransLucid represents a decisive advance in declarative programming. It has applications in many fields of computer science and opens up exciting new avenues of research.

Recent research in the Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language (TCFL) field has focused on the pedagogical perspectives underlying TCFL textbooks and their compilation. With the increasing interaction between China and other countries in global contexts such as culture, economics and commerce, there is a great need to expand research regarding all areas and issues within TCFL, especially in the important area of vocabulary and its translation in TCFL textbooks (Tsung and Cruickshank, 2011). This research investigates a range of translation problems related to the accuracy of the vocabulary lists featured in 12 selected representative TCFL textbooks for teaching Chinese as a foreign language. This thesis presents findings from three triangulation cases (questionnaire survey, corpus research, and assessment test) involving two different groups of participants (e.g. Chinese teachers who completed the questionnaire survey and Chinese undergraduates majoring in English who underwent the assessment test). The contribution of this study is as follows: 1) I conduct a series of empirical evidence based on the viewpoints of practitioners regarding the identified translation problems to fill the gap that there are more descriptive and pedagogical works in the vocabulary translation of TCFL textbooks; 2) I adopt functional equivalence theory of translation and linguistics–based approaches (semantic, pragmatic and grammatical perspectives) to establish a theoretical framework which provides a flexible way of analysing translation and enables the original meanings of Chinese words to be analysed through various perspectives, especially for Chinese and English vocabulary analysis and translation; 3) I draw on translation quality evaluation theory to generate a translation quality evaluation framework which can serve as a reference point for other translation evaluation work regarding vocabulary conducted during other relevant studies; 4) I demonstrate that the majority of translation problems gathered from the selected TCFL textbooks were found at the preliminary level and in the content word class which have much practical relevance and research value for the pedagogical purpose of vocabulary teaching and translation; and 5) I build up a specific parallel corpus with passages and vocabulary lists of the selected TCFL textbooks.

The topic of this thesis is the use of translation from a foreign language as a tool to improve textual competence in the mother tongue. The first part deals with the evolution of foreign language teaching, the status of mother tongue in foreign language teaching, positive cross-linguistic transfer and interference. Further, the concept of the method is defined and different methods of foreign language teaching are described. It's specified whether the mother tongue and translation exercises are or are not used while using each of the listed teaching methods. The second part defines translation and categorizes types of translation and contains various types types of translation exercises. The last part is focused on stylistics (narrative techniques, writing genres and functional styles). A sample of translation from Czech into Spanish and vice versa is supplied for a majority of the functional styles.

Esta tese de doutorado apresenta um modelo de especificação, textual e grafico, para sistemas transacionais em banco de dados (ER/T+) e, também, um modelo de implementação desta especificação. Sugere uma técnica de proceduralização de especificações declarativas, usando um grafo de dependencia de fluxos de dados para estabelecer a relação de precedecia entre os fluxos do diagrama da linguagem gráfica de especificação. Apresenta, também, os mecanismos de execução da linguagem de especificação proposta e as regras de mapeamento da linguagem de especificação, em seus aspectos estruturais (dados) e comportamentais (transações), para correspondentes construções na linguagem de implementação (C e SQL). Adicionalmente, são discutidos aspectos de otimização de consultas no âmbito da linguagem de especificação de transações e, também, aspectos de aninhamento de consultas para combinar diversos fluxos do diagrama ER/T+ em expressões complexas de consultas SQL. / This Ph.D thesis presents a graphic and textual specification model for database transactions systems (ER/T+) and, also, an implementation model for this specification. Suggest a proceduralization technique for declarative specifications using a data flow dependency graph to establish a precedence relation between the diagram flows of the graphics specification language. Furthermore it presents the execution mechanism of the proposal specification language and the behavioral and structural rules for mapping the specification language into corresponding implementation language (C and SQL) constructions. Additionaly, are discussed query optimization aspects for transaction specification language and aspects of nested queries to combine various ER/T+ diagram flows into complex SQL query expressions

Terminological equivalence is one of the central issues in translation. To secure equivalence in translations for special purpose languages, the translator has to structure the terms of a given text by reference to a conceptual system and thus identify - independently for both the source and target languages - the conceptual system in which a specific term is embedded. Bilingual and multilingual dictionaries are indispensable tools for any translator. However, due to the importance of the conceptual systems in specialised-language translation, a specialised dictionary has to fulfill higher requirements than general dictionaries. As a matter of fact, a dictionary suitable for specialised-language translation should follow an onomasiological rather than a semasiological approach to lexicography. In this paper, the author studies the basic requirements for a bilingual dictionary that is intended to be of practical use for specialised-language translation, taking a user's perspective when discussing the problem of equivalence between terms in two languages. This is based on selected concepts taken from the field of accounting (IAS/IFRS and national accounting rules) that are translated from German to Spanish and vice versa. While the dictionaries examined are generally well prepared, the study shows that none of them includes information necessary to a translator for ensuring a correct translation. / Series: WU Online Papers in International Business Communication

Esta tese de doutorado apresenta um modelo de especificação, textual e grafico, para sistemas transacionais em banco de dados (ER/T+) e, também, um modelo de implementação desta especificação. Sugere uma técnica de proceduralização de especificações declarativas, usando um grafo de dependencia de fluxos de dados para estabelecer a relação de precedecia entre os fluxos do diagrama da linguagem gráfica de especificação. Apresenta, também, os mecanismos de execução da linguagem de especificação proposta e as regras de mapeamento da linguagem de especificação, em seus aspectos estruturais (dados) e comportamentais (transações), para correspondentes construções na linguagem de implementação (C e SQL). Adicionalmente, são discutidos aspectos de otimização de consultas no âmbito da linguagem de especificação de transações e, também, aspectos de aninhamento de consultas para combinar diversos fluxos do diagrama ER/T+ em expressões complexas de consultas SQL. / This Ph.D thesis presents a graphic and textual specification model for database transactions systems (ER/T+) and, also, an implementation model for this specification. Suggest a proceduralization technique for declarative specifications using a data flow dependency graph to establish a precedence relation between the diagram flows of the graphics specification language. Furthermore it presents the execution mechanism of the proposal specification language and the behavioral and structural rules for mapping the specification language into corresponding implementation language (C and SQL) constructions. Additionaly, are discussed query optimization aspects for transaction specification language and aspects of nested queries to combine various ER/T+ diagram flows into complex SQL query expressions

A presente pesquisa visa a traduzir e analisar os elementos escatológicos do texto latino do séc. XII, Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii (\"Tratado do Purgatório de São Patrício\"), comparando-os àqueles encontrados em obras ou trechos representativos de mesma ou similar natureza, pertencentes tanto à Alta, quanto à Baixa Idade Média, ainda que não se excluam obrigatoriamente narrativas externas a tais períodos. Entre os textos a serem cotejados, citam-se os seguintes a título de exemplo: a versão latina longa da Visio Pauli (\"A Visão de Paulo\") editada por Hilhorst e Silverstein (1997), os relatos do pós-vida expostos no cap. XXXVI, livro IV, dos Libri Dialogorum, de Gregório Magno, assim como as visões dos cavaleiros Drythelm e Tnugdal, sendo a primeira delas descrita por Beda, no livro V, cap. XII, de sua História Eclesiástica do Povo Inglês (Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum). / The purpose of this research is to translate the 12th century Latin text Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii (\"The Treatise on St. Patrick\'s Purgatory\") and analyze the eschatological elements present in the text by comparing them to those found in works or excerpts of similar nature belonging mainly to the Early and High Middle Ages. Among these are the Long Latin version of the Visio Pauli (\"The Vision of Paul\") edited by Hilhorst and Silverstein (1997), the accounts of life after death described in chapter XXXVI, Book IV, of Gregory the Great\'s Libri Dialogorum (\"Dialogues\"), as well as the visions of the knights Drythelm and Tnugdal, the first of these rendered by Bede in chapter XII, Book V, of his Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum).

Esta tese de doutorado apresenta um modelo de especificação, textual e grafico, para sistemas transacionais em banco de dados (ER/T+) e, também, um modelo de implementação desta especificação. Sugere uma técnica de proceduralização de especificações declarativas, usando um grafo de dependencia de fluxos de dados para estabelecer a relação de precedecia entre os fluxos do diagrama da linguagem gráfica de especificação. Apresenta, também, os mecanismos de execução da linguagem de especificação proposta e as regras de mapeamento da linguagem de especificação, em seus aspectos estruturais (dados) e comportamentais (transações), para correspondentes construções na linguagem de implementação (C e SQL). Adicionalmente, são discutidos aspectos de otimização de consultas no âmbito da linguagem de especificação de transações e, também, aspectos de aninhamento de consultas para combinar diversos fluxos do diagrama ER/T+ em expressões complexas de consultas SQL. / This Ph.D thesis presents a graphic and textual specification model for database transactions systems (ER/T+) and, also, an implementation model for this specification. Suggest a proceduralization technique for declarative specifications using a data flow dependency graph to establish a precedence relation between the diagram flows of the graphics specification language. Furthermore it presents the execution mechanism of the proposal specification language and the behavioral and structural rules for mapping the specification language into corresponding implementation language (C and SQL) constructions. Additionaly, are discussed query optimization aspects for transaction specification language and aspects of nested queries to combine various ER/T+ diagram flows into complex SQL query expressions