Univ., Diss.--Kiel, 2006.

Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 2006

Vol. 1 is the author's thesis, Copenhagen. / "Forkortelsesliste": v. 1, p. [xi]-xii.

Thesis (M.S.)--California State University, Chico. / Includes abstract. "Located in the Chico Digital Repository." Includes bibliographical references (p. 64-69).

Heidelberg, Universiẗat, Mag.-Arb., 1998.

Regional-scale complete Bouguer gravity anomalies underlying the Lassen and Shasta -Medicine Lake regions in northern California and southern Oregon are associated with subduction of the Gorda plate beneath North America. These generally negative anomalies reflect where underplating has deepened to form the mantle wedge, and where subduction has given rise to a series of Quaternary volcanoes comprising the southernmost end of the Cascade range. Multiple conductive bodies were identified by Park and Ostos (2013) in their magnetotelluric (MT) study of the broader Lassen volcanic region. Their broadband and long period measurements were conducted along a 250 km profile spanning from the California-Nevada border, to just west of the Great Valley in California. Utilizing their MT conductor geometries as a starting point, a forward gravity model was generated along the same profile, and agrees well with what they interpret to be the locations and depths of mid-crustal magma bodies in the Lassen and surrounding regions. The excess mass and volume of modeled anomaly (a) - most closely attributed to underlying Lassen Peak - were estimated at -2 x 1014 kg and 7 x 1011 m3, respectively.

Viruses are the most abundant organisms on Earth, yet their collective evolutionary history, biodiversity and functional capacity is not well understood. Viral metagenomics offers a potential means of establishing a more comprehensive view of virus diversity and evolution, as vast amounts of new sequence data becomes available for comparative analysis.Metagenomic DNA from virus-sized particles (smaller than 0.2 microns in diameter) was isolated from approximately 20 liters of sediment obtained from Boiling Springs Lake (BSL) and sequenced. BSL is a large, acidic hot-spring (with a pH of 2.2, and temperatures ranging from 50°C to 96°C) located in Lassen Volcanic National Park, USA. BSL supports a purely microbial ecosystem comprised largely of Archaea and Bacteria, however, the lower temperature regions permit the growth of acid- and thermo-tolerant Eukarya. This distinctive feature of the BSL microbial ecosystem ensures that virus types infecting all domains of life will be present. The metagenomic sequence data was used to characterize the types of viruses present within the microbial ecosystem, to ascertain the extent of genetic diversity and novelty comprising the BSL virus assemblage, and to explore the genomic and structural modalities of virus evolution.Metagenomic surveys of natural virus assemblages, including the survey of BSL, have revealed that the diversity within the virosphere far exceeds what has currently been determined through the detailed study of viruses that are relevant to human health and agriculture. The number of as-yet-uncharacterized virus protein families present in the BSL assemblage was estimated by clustering analysis. Genomic context analysis of the predicted viral protein sequences in the BSL dataset indicates that most of the putative uncharacterized proteins are endemic or unique to BSL, and are largely harbored by known virus types. A comparative metagenomic analysis approach identified a set of conserved, yet uncharacterized BSL protein sequences that are commonly found in other similar and dissimilar environments.New sequence data from metagenomic surveys of natural virus assemblages was also used to better characterize and define known virus protein families, as some of the viruses found in the BSL environment represent distant relatives of well-characterized isolates. By comparing viral genes and protein sequences from these highly divergent species, it is possible to better understand the dynamics of adaptation and evolution in the virosphere. Additionally, as structures of virus proteins continue to be experimentally determined by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, a merger of structural and metagenomic sequence data allows the opportunity to observe the structural dynamics underlying virus protein evolution.Capsid (structural) proteins from two distinct Microviridae strains; a globally ubiquitous and highly sequence-diverse virus family, were identified in, and isolated from the BSL metagenomic DNA sample. These BSL capsid protein sequences, along with several other homologous sequences derived from metagenomic surveys and laboratory isolates, were mapped to the solved structure of a closely related capsid protein from the Spiroplasma phage-4 microvirus. Patterns of amino acid sequence conservation, unveiled by structure-based homology modeling analysis, revealed that the protein sequences within this family exhibit a remarkable level of plasticity, while remaining structurally and functionally congruent.Lateral gene transfer is thought to have had a significant impact on the genomic evolution and adaptation of virus families. Genomic context analysis was also utilized to identify interviral gene transfer within the BSL virus assemblage. An ostensibly rare interviral gene transfer event, having transpired between single-stranded RNA and DNA virus types, was detected in the BSL metagenome. Similar genomes were subsequently detected in other ecosystems around the globe. The discovery of this new virus genome dramatically underscores the scope and importance of genetic mobility and genomic mosaicism as major forces driving the evolution of viruses.The analyses conducted herein demonstrate the many ways in which viral metagenomic sequence data may be utilized to not only evaluate the composition of a natural virus assemblage, but to discover new viral genes, and to better understand the dynamics of both genomic and structural evolution within the virosphere.

Thesis (PhD)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2009. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Todd Feeley. Includes bibliographical references.

The volume of lava flows provide important information on the magnitude of volcanic eruptions, and accurate volumes are necessary to produce reliable models of lava flow emplacement or constrain the internal structure of volcanoes. The most accurate lava flow volumes are obtainable when the topography before and after an eruption are both known, but information for the topography before lava flow emplacement is absent in non-historic lava flows. To calculate the volume of non-historic lava flows, this pre-emplacement topography needs to be reconstructed. Common methods for this include using inverse distance-weighted averages or global polynomial interpolation methods, but these can still underestimate the volume of the flow, and the surface of the flow itself is not considered in these interpolations. A new calculation method seems necessary to better constrain the volume of lava flows, and including the lava flow surface in the volume calculation, given that it is generally excluded during interpolation of pre-emplacement topography, may be the solution to improving lava flow volume calculation for flows where the base surface is unknown. The 2012-2013 Tolbachik lava flow is used to look at potential relationships due to the availability of elevation data before and after the eruption. A quantitative analysis on the relationships between the slope of topography before and after lava flow emplacement and on the relationship between the slope and thickness of lava flows is performed. In addition to this, the slope of the topography calculated over local and regional scales is used as a new interpolation method, and the calculated thickness from the interpolated surface is compared to the known thickness for the lava flow.

Magíster en Ciencias, Mención Geología / Geólogo / El presente trabajo presenta un nuevo método para desarrollar Crystal Size Distributions (CSD), un tipo de análisis textural cuantitativo que compara la densidad de población de cristales respecto a su tamaño. Basado en la modelación de la curva de distribución acumulada del tamaño de cristales a través de una función error, se obtienen CSD los que permiten calcular tasas de crecimiento y nucleación de distribución gaussiana asimétrica con respecto al tiempo. Este procedimiento fue aplicado en una muestra de la erupción de 1971 del volcán Villarrica entregando el tamaño límite que distingue microlitos de fenocristales y mostrando un fuerte incremento de las tasas de crecimientos y nucleación de cristales en 2 y 8 órdenes de magnitud, respectivamente, producto del ascenso de magma y cristalización en superficie. Este procedimiento también fue aplicado en cuarzo-monzodioritas del Plutón La Gloria, entregando una distribución sigmoidal de la fracción volumétrica de cristales con respecto al tiempo la que puede ser dividida en 3 etapas diferentes: una primera que muestra un muy bajo incrementos de la fracción volumétrica, la cual coincide con el pico de la tasa de crecimiento, una segunda que muestra un alto incremento de la fracción volumétrica, la cual coincide con el pico de la tasa de nucleación y una tercera que muestra una segunda disminución debido al bajo volumen disponible para nuclear nuevos cristales y recrecer antiguos. A pesar de los aportes que genera este nuevo método, el CSD seguiría siendo insuficiente para identificar distintos procesos magmáticos tales como ascenso de magma respecto a cristalización en superficie o mezcla de magmas, calentamientos o sistemas multireservorios. Es por esto que se acoplan los parámetros cinéticos de cristalización calculados a partir de CSD con la composición de plagioclasas ya que ambos dependen tanto de la temperatura como de la presión de agua. El modelo de acoplamiento es aplicado a la erupción de 1915 del Volcán Lassen Peak. Se registran dos procesos de calentamiento previo a la erupción, el segundo producto de mezcla de magmas dacíticos y andesíticos. Se registran condiciones estables del reservorio dacítico a presión de agua de 200 MPa, 830 ºC generando plagioclasas de contenido de anortita alrededor de 0.37 con lo que se infiere una cota mínima de profundidad del reservorio de 7 km. Posterior al calentamiento se registra una etapa de devolatilización a una temperatura estable de 940 ºC y el ascenso de magma el cual ocurriría en 18 horas.