This dissertation is a study of the late Moche murals found within the adobe temples of Pañamarca, Peru (ca. 600-850 CE). This project was designed to redress the problem of iconographic decontextualization of the Pañamarca paintings that, through limited documentation and repetitive scholarly publication, had become effectively untethered from their material moorings and spatial settings. New fieldwork succeeded in contextualizing and conserving remains of all known mural paintings. This field research also resulted in the discovery of a new corpus of paintings at the site. Together these paintings form a case study on image making and visual experience in a Pre-Columbian era without contemporaneous writing. This art historical study of archaeological monuments makes several contextual moves. Most concretely it mounts evidence for the situated experiences of images by ancient beholders. This includes analysis of spatial patterns that governed both visual and kinaesthetic approaches to images, as well as forensic indices of human-image engagement and response through time. The approach is not, however, exhausted by the nested contexts of architecture, archaeology, and geography. Meaning is further established through the discernment of philosophical propositions set forth in the broader corpus of ancient Moche art, material culture, and ritual practice. This work proposes to yield emic perspectives on mimesis, corporeality, and spatiality. An embodied approach to image and space is not merely imported from theory developed elsewhere, but is grounded in the Andean cultural setting at hand. The orthodox Moche imagery of the Pañamarca murals was arrayed in specific, strategic ways in both plazas and private spaces. In some areas life-size paintings may have modeled mimetic performance that perpetually enlivened ritual architecture. Elsewhere densely composed imagery would have enveloped the bodies of ritual practitioners and devotees, as they were absorbed into a private architectural repository of specialized knowledge. This is unusual in the Moche world where the innermost spaces of lavishly decorated temple complexes are themselves usually devoid of painted images. The paintings of Pañamarca are interpreted as efficacious in the articulation, embodiment, and recollection of late Moche ideology and identity as it crystallized on the southern periphery in the Nepeña Valley. / History of Art and Architecture

<p> <i>Nothing We Haven&rsquo;t Seen Before</i> uses the appropriated aesthetics of F&eacute;lix Gonz&aacute;lez-Torres, whose own aesthetics were appropriations of minimalist and conceptual aesthetics, to intersect three occurrences that cannot be remembered by those who experienced them &ndash; the death of Ana Mendieta; my own experience being drugged (without my consent or knowledge) and subsequently becoming very lost on-campus; and the death of Claudia Alvarez whose body was found by UCSD&rsquo;s Birch Aquarium. The intersections of these stories with both themselves and the way in which they are presented levels historical, structural, and personal trauma while reflecting a larger conversation about how trauma is lived with, moved on from, and at the same time continual.</p>

<p> This thesis is a study about Mapuche rural-urban, indigenous migration in Chile and how Mapuche have experienced their individual and familial migratory processes. Previous studies on Mapuche migration have taken a macro approach to examine this phenomenon and have concentrated on the experiences of migrants after their migration has taken place. This thesis, adding a new perspective to the current body of knowledge, studies the migration of Mapuche beginning with the inception of the process and continues through to trace their settlement in Santiago. With this, the study analyzes the character of Mapuche migration, examining the reasons and expectations behind this migration as well as how this process has been initiated and sustained through time. In addition to this, the study focuses on the social and cultural consequences that stem from Mapuche migrating and settling in Santiago, and pays special attention to the role that kin networks have in this process. This thesis, then, analyzes the particular characteristics of Mapuche rural-urban migration and considers the significance of individual agency in constructing different migratory paths by examining individual migration stories. In this thesis, I also examine the different mechanisms that Mapuche in Santiago have put in place to grapple with the social and cultural challenges behind their migration to and settlement in the city.</p>

<p> In this dissertation I investigated how non-dominant firms manage their nonmarket environment when they face the presence of firms with strong political and market power. I conducted a case study of the telecommunications market in Mexico, Chile and Uruguay. A total of 52 informants were interviewed including regulatory and legal affairs executives, innovation executives, regulators and government officials, scholars, and consultants. I argue that an institutional framework that imposes barriers for competition in the market through limited access to resources and lack of clarity in the decision-making results in less innovation or innovation at a slower pace. Also, actions taken by the regulatory authorities in favor of competition impose competitive pressures in the market that result in more innovation. The results show that non-dominant firms in these markets develop nonmarket strategies following two strategic perspectives: operational and prospective. These strategies rely on a different set of tactics and rhetoric compared to dominant firms and its effectiveness depend on the characteristics of the institutional environment. This dissertation attempts to provide a better understanding of the competitive industry dynamics helpful for the design and implementation of integrated innovation and nonmarket strategies. Additionally, the results of this study might provide insight for antitrust and industry-specific regulators that aim to incentivize innovation in the market.</p><p> <i>Keywords:</i> nonmarket strategies, Latin America, telecommunications market.</p>

<p> The farm workers who diligently tend and harvest the US fields and produce is a major component of the agriculture industry. This research explores the current issues and challenges that domestic, seasonal farm workers face through the lenses of embodiment and habitus theory. Narratives and insights from interviews were integrated with current literature to present a complete picture of the cyclical life of the domestic farm worker in San Luis, Arizona. This thesis argues that farm work is a unique profession which has left its mark on the body and the behavior. Those in the border region have added agency due to the opportunities the border presents. As this research highlights, additional attention and research is needed to redesign policies and initiatives to adequately assist and provide for a population that provides so much.</p>

<p> Improvisation is regarded as the most sublime element in the <i> j&iacute;baro</i> folk music tradition of Puerto Rico. This tradition originated by the <i>j&iacute;baro</i>, the simple rural farmer of Puerto Rico's heartland, involves the complicated art of improvising in d&eacute;cima, a ten-line poetic form, as well as improvisation of melodic lines played on the cuatro, a small guitar-like instrument. Since <i> j&iacute;baro</i> improvisation is an art that is transmitted orally and involves a seemingly spontaneous act, it might seem odd to talk about a theory of improvisation within this style of music. My ethnographic research however has revealed that improvisation in <i>j&iacute;baro</i> music is actually a highly structured performance practice and involves an informal theory that is based on the knowledge of archetypal patterns that generate and organize <i>j&iacute;baro</i> improvisations. </p><p> Recent theories of music which establish parallels between music, language, and cognition (Lerdhal and Jackendoff; Clarke; Gjerdingen) have lead me to believe that improvisation in <i>j&iacute;baro</i> music is generated by the combination of archetypal patterns that create a musical syntax. These patterns are stored in minds of <i>j&iacute;baro</i> performers as cognitive schemas. My study is also based on the work of Puerto Rican scholars Luis M. Alvarez and Angel Quintero who have identified African rhythmic patterns as the generative musical source in many styles of Puerto Rican folk music. By combining theories of music and ethnographic methods, this paper will provide a greater understanding of orally transmitted cultural expressions, which utilize improvisation, as well as give insight to the cognitive processes that shape this performance practice.</p>

<p> This dissertation explores the work of Colombian writer Evelio Rosero (1958), whose work-like many of his nation's generation, but with a radically new aesthetic and ethic proposal&mdash;focuses on violence and on the disappearance of people in the context of the armed conflict that has ravaged Colombia for the last thirty years. </p><p> Despite having a long and consistent literary career that started in the early eighties and having received prestigious awards, Rosero continues to be almost unknown both nationally and internationally. My dissertation contends that such lack of recognition is serious and that current conversations about Colombian literature and the representation of violence more broadly cannot be done without taking into account his disruptive work. Through a careful analysis of Rosero's most representative novels&mdash;<i>Se&ntilde;or que no conoce la luna, En el lejero and Los Ej&eacute;rcitos</i>&mdash;I examine the literary techniques the author uses to produce a space&mdash;both literary and political&mdash;that neither justifies nor exacerbates violence. </p><p> Based primarily on the concept of the spectral put forth by Jacques Derrida in <i>Specters of Marx,</i> on Mieke Bal's position on political art and on Jean-Luc Nancy's construction of rebellion in <i>Noli me tangere, </i> I demonstrate how Rosero's novels highlight the discourses and mechanisms that put into place and even sanction the violence they supposedly lament. </p><p> The dissertation is divided in three chapters. Chronologically organized, each one examines one of Rosero's most representative novels. </p><p> In the introduction I contextualize Rosero's literary work within the larger efforts to represent Colombia's violent situation. I argue that by focusing on disappearance, ambiguity and spectrality Rosero avoids the most common and problematic pitfalls of such texts. I take the position that by doing so Rosero gives visibility to the many ways in which a state of violence is (re)produced and represented -both aesthetically and politically&mdash;signalling a complicity (not necessarily deliberate) between the two. </p><p> The first chapter analyzes <i>Se&ntilde;or que no conoce la luna. </i> I argue that by focusing in the way los vestidos enslave and torture los desnudos due to their dual genitalia, Rosero shows the artificiality and arbitrariness of our social constructions and highlights how they are used to infringe extreme violence to a particular group of people. I contend that in the unregulated circulation of erotic desire Rosero finds a way out of this structure of abjection. </p><p> The second chapter deals with the radical "spectralization" that takes place in <i>En el lejero.</i> I take the position that Rosero's emphasis on the difficulty of identifying people and spaces, and his refusal to stabilize meaning are effective tools in dismantling a system of oppression and violence while opening a space for agency and solidarity. </p><p> The third and last chapter studies Rosero's most famous novel, <i> Los Ej&eacute;rcitos.</i> I read the novel's contrast between moments of intense visibility and instances of extreme obscurity and confusion as a way to underscore the violent nature of certain ways of looking at things and people. Rosero's insistence in our bonds with, and responsibility towards, what can no longer, not yet, be seen or heard is key to create a space for the political that is not based on violence and exclusion. </p><p> To conclude, I argue that through Jacques Derrida's "impure impure history of ghosts" Rosero develops an aesthetically astonishing and politically crucial way of re-counting and accounting for the violence that a prolonged state of warfare continues to (re)produce in Latin America.</p>

<p> Esta disertaci&ocirc;n conecta la teorfa de la transculturaci&ocirc;n narrativa de &acute;Angel Rama con la tradici&ocirc;n intelectual latinoamericana que aport&ocirc; sus caracterfsticas m&acirc;s distintivas. Las teorfas de Rama fueron influidas por dos tradiciones latinoamericanas. Una es de car&acirc;cter polftico y tiene su origen en la Reforma de C&ocirc;rdoba de 1918. La otra, de car&acirc;cter epistemol&ocirc;gico y se remonta a la d&eacute;cada de 1930, cuando comienza el culturalismo en Latinoam&eacute;rica. Mi investigaci&ocirc;n se ocupa de un grupo de intelectuales uruguayos que trabajaron en torno al semanario <i>Marcha</i> [1939-1974]: Carlos Quijano [1900-1984], Julio Castro [1908 -desaparecido en 1977] y Arturo Ardao [1912-2003]. Tambi&eacute;n me ocupo de dos intelectuales brasile&tilde;nos, Antonio C&acirc;ndido [1918] y Darcy Ribeiro [1922-1997], quienes continuaron con la tradici&ocirc;n culturalista que inauguraron en Latinoam&eacute;rica autores como Gilberto Freyre [1900-1987] y Fernando Ortiz [1881-1969]. Recuperar las redes intelectuales que acompa&tilde;naron el proceso de articulaci&ocirc;n de la transculturaci&ocirc;n narrativa nos permite comprender mejor las tesis de Rama por dos razones. Primero, porque enmarca esta teorfa dentro de algunos de los debates polfticos y culturales m&acirc;s importantes de la Guerra Frfa. Y segundo, porque se aproxima a la manera como Rama comprendi&ocirc; la historia latinoamericana y su coyuntura polftica y socio-cultural durante las d&eacute;cadas de 1960 y 1970. </p><p> El objetivo de la teorfa de la transculturaci&ocirc;n narrativa es describir el proceso por el cual las manifestaciones literarias latinoamericanas pasan de la dependencia a la autonomia cultural. Como el proceso descrito se despliega dentro de la estructura social, para comprenderlo es necesario analizar la interacci&ocirc;n entre las obras literarias y la sociedad que las rodea, de esta forma las ciencias sociales &ndash;antropologia, sociologia, economia&ndash; son instrumentos de an&acirc;lisis indispensables para comprender una obra o tradici&ocirc;n literaria. Este marco general de an&acirc;lisis es descrito por Rama como el culturalismo. </p><p> En el caso de Rama, una lectura desde los estudios literarios puede dar por sentado que el culturalismo fue tan s&ocirc;lo un m&eacute;todo de an&acirc;lisis alternativo al estructuralismo franc&eacute;s. Aunque esta perspectiva sea en parte correcta, no es del todo precisa. El culturalismo al que se refiere Rama es el mismo que practicaron los cientistas sociales en Latinoam&eacute;rica desde la d&eacute;cada de 1930. Recuperar la historicidad de la transculturaci&ocirc;n narrativa no solo nos permite comprender la genealogia de esta teoria sino recuperar y hacer visibles algunas tradiciones intelectuales contra-hegem&ocirc;nicas que desarticul&ocirc; la Guerra Fria en Latinoam&eacute;rica.</p>

<p> There have been multiple research studies focused on cross-cultural and interlanguage pragmatics in general, as well as specific studies analyzing the production of apologies from different native languages and from English learning contexts. However, the research related to Hispanic learning contexts of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) is more limited. In Colombia, only two pragmatic studies have been conducted about the production of speech acts and both of them focused on the pragmatics of Spanish as mother tongue. </p><p> This project analyzes the pragmatic competence development of Colombian EFL learners in a pedagogical environment where English pragmatics is not reinforced, comparing the selection of apology strategies used by EFL learners in role play situations in order to determine the variation between proficiency levels. Finally, retrospective verbal reports from the EFL learners and perception forms of American native speakers of English were collected in order to assess cross-cultural perceptions regarding the intelligibility, appropriateness, and politeness of the apologies. </p><p> The results of the study show that even without explicit pragmatic education or immersion opportunities in the target culture, these Colombian EFL learners have acquired some pragmatic competence in English. However, their general selection of apology strategies do not approximate either English or Spanish. Also, their discourse reflects the Colombian patterns of social behavior and preserve many features of Spanish pragmatics, which reinforces the idea of a transitional stage of inter-language pragmatic development.</p>

<p> Mexico is home to almost 2.9 million square kilometers of land and water surface area that is affected by water pollution and environmental degradation. While geographically more prevalent to pollution threats as well as one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, it is important to coordinate the management and regulation of coastal zones effectively to safeguard these ecosystem from degradation. However, because of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, nations view the problem of living resources and their management as a national priority instead of an international cooperation initiative. Mexico's fragmented, overlapping, and sometimes corrupt domestic institutions for environmental policy yield ineffective and inadequate pollution control, a result of which is a high level of marine debris presence on the coasts, as evidenced by a recent study in Veracruz, Veracruz. This marine debris, the most abundant of which is composed of plastics, is detrimental to marine life, leading to death, starvation, debilitation, reduced quality of life and lowered reproductive performance. While several avenues are being explored to mitigate marine debris in the environment, such as decreasing knowledge gaps, increasing pollution prevention measures, and education, degradation issues have compounded globally, revealing a clear picture of inadequate international regulation and convention. A stricter Mexican national regulatory system that incorporates private and public waste management organizations to incentivize and facilitate waste cleanup is needed to improve the health of the global ocean.</p>