<p> Bitcoins were conceptualized in 2008, which revolutionized the digital transfers of value within payment systems (Nakamoto, 2008). The advent of digital currencies revealed problems concerning anonymity embedded in bitcoins, consequently raising money laundering concerns. Regulators and law enforcement agencies struggle with addressing the money laundering issues inherent with bitcoin and digital currencies (Ajello, 2025). In response to these threats, agencies have issued various opinions regarding defining digital currencies within a financial framework. Regulator opinions concerning the applicability of bitcoins existing as currency, property, a commodity and commodity money contradict each other. Moreover; prosecutorial agencies attempt to fit digital currency exchangers under the regulations pertinent to money service businesses (MSB) (Mandjee, 2015; Sonderegger, 2015). This project provided an analysis of scholarly material, government publications, case law, and current trade information to examine a solution to the problem of money laundering through digital currency. This project revealed a need for a clear definition of bitcoin and digital currency within the context of U.S. laws and regulation to assist with investigations concerning illicit uses of digital currency. Furthermore, a need exists for new U.S. legislation specific to digital currency, which addresses money laundering and terrorist finance risks. Research revealed that digital currency regulations should mirror MSB regulations to curb peer-to-peer digital currency exchanges (Kirby, 2014). Additionally, FinCENs purview with financial crimes provides a unique position to assist law enforcement with digital currency investigations (FinCEN, 2014). A need exists for FinCEN to develop a blockchain analysis tool for law enforcement agencies and to assist with complex digital currency investigations (DHS, 2014). Keywords: Economic Crime Management, Financial Crime and Compliance Management, Paul Pantiani, virtual currency, cryptocurrency.</p>

<p>School resource officer programs, characterized as a major crime control model and violence prevention program have earned the designation as an effective prevention strategy to mitigate against student misconduct and violations of the law. This study explored school resource officers? perceptions of how arrests decisions influenced order within middle and high schools. The purpose of the study was to determine if a relationship existed between factors, circumstances, and the arrest decisions in middle and high schools. It was assumed the officers? decision to arrest or not arrest were dependent upon factors and circumstances that were interconnected to the functionality of maintaining social order within the school setting. The structural-functionalism theory offered a comprehensive approach to explore the relationship between the social structure of schools, functions of school resource officers and the impact of their arrests decisions in creating balance and stability in the school environment. For this study, the dependent variable was the arrest decisions of school resource officers and the independent variables were factors, circumstances and years of experience. The study hypothesized a correlation between the dependent variable (arrests decisions) and the independent variables, which were collapsed into three facets - factors, circumstances and years of experience. Although, it was presumed years of experience would influence arrests decisions, logistic regression analysis revealed it did not influence the arrest decision as much as the facet factors. The study further revealed females were more likely to arrest than males and more students were arrested at the high school level than at the middle school level. Academic achievement and criminal records were considered at the middle school level with little consideration in high school.

Decentralization policy is advanced in many regions as a collaborative approach to regional stability, economic and political development, and poverty reduction. However, there is not a valid decentralization policy in the Mano River Region (MRR) countries of West Africa despite the presence of multinational institutions and United Nations Peacekeeping forces. The purpose of this qualitative, phenomenological case study was to use the sequential theory of decentralization to investigate why peace and stability in the MRR are still fragile. The primary research question concerned how the policy of decentralization implementation in MRR can significantly contribute to regional stability, enhance economic development, reduce poverty, and minimize corruption in the MRR. Data were collected from 64 participants, through the use of semi-structured, in-depth interview techniques. A consent authorization of participants allowed the collection of the data. The analysis of data involved, identifying categories of responses and answers to classify them in phases based on responses answers to questions. According to study findings, decentralization policy was perceived to be a positive concept that promotes good governance, regional stability, economic development, poverty reduction, and minimization of corruption; however, there was little knowledge and implementation on decentralization in the MRR or among participants' native countries. An educational program on the successes of decentralization policy implementation is recommended. Outcomes from this research may serve as a point for social change by providing a model understanding of peace and stability in the MRR and similar areas.

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Cover title. Also available in print.

Det faktum att Sverige blir allt mer internationaliserat och samhället mer mångkulturellt väckte ett intresse av att skriva om bröstarvingars arvsrätt ur ett såväl nationellt som internationellt perspektiv, där resultatet avsågs ställas i relation till svensk IP-rätt om ordre public. Idag tar alla barn lika lott enligt 2 kap. 1 § ÄB. Principen om istadarätt inträder om arvlåtarens barn avlider innan honom eller henne, då arvlåtarens barnbarn ärver istället. Bröstarvingar har alltid en rätt till hälften av sin arvslott enligt laglottsskyddet i 7 kap. 1 § ÄB. Det har diskuterats om laglotten bör bevaras i svensk arvsrätt eller om den bör avskaffas. Alla de nordiska länderna har någon form av laglottsskydd liksom de flesta europeiska länder med undantag från England och Wales, där det råder fullständig testationsfrihet. Även muslimska länder saknar motsvarighet till laglottsskydd. Det här kan väcka frågan huruvida ett land som saknar en skyddsregel som kan likställas med det svenska laglottsskyddet kan utgöra en grund som aktualiserar ordre public. I svensk rätt finns genom ordre public en möjlighet att åsidosätta en utländsk lag med hänvisning till att denna är uppenbart oförenlig med grunderna för det svenska rättssystemet. Den islamiska arvsrätten skiljer sig avsevärt mer från den svenska arvsrätten, än vad arvsrätten gör i exempelvis något västeuropeiskt land. Det kan diskuteras om någon grund i den islamiska arvsrätten för bröstarvingar kan strida mot grunderna för den svenska rättsordningen och på så vis aktualisera ordre public. Den svenska arvsrätten för bröstarvingar är till en stor del av dispositiv karaktär, varför ordre public endast kan bli aktuell i en internationell arvstvist där utländsk lag ska tillämpas. Domstolarna tenderar att tolka ordre public restriktivt, förmodligen av rädsla för att det lands lag som åsidosätts skulle kunna göra motstånd. Framtida tillämpning av ordre public kan begränsas ytterligare när EU:s arvsförordning träder i kraft. Det är fortfarande svensk domstol som har att avgöra vad som i det enskilda fallet kan bedömas vara uppenbart stridande mot grunderna för det svenska rättsystemet och vilken inverkan det kan ha på tvister som berör bröstarvingars arvsrätt. / The fact that Sweden is increasingly becoming more internationalized and developing a more multicultural society, stimulated an interest in writing about direct heirs inheritance rights from a national and international perspective, in which the outcome was intended to be set in relation to the Swedish Private International Law on public policy. Nowadays all children take equal shares according to chapter 2 paragraph 1 “Ärvdabalk”. If the deceased’s child passes away before him- or herself, the deceased’s grandchildren are entitled to inheritance through the Swedish istadarätt. The Swedish legal portion is enacted in chapter 7 paragraph 1 “Ärvdabalk” and entitles direct heirs half of his or her inheritance share. There has been discussion about whether the legal portion should be preserved or abolished in the law of Swedish inheritance. All the Nordic countries have a form of legal portion, as well as most of the European countries, apart from England and Wales, where there is a complete testamentary freedom. Even Muslim countries have no correspondence to the protection of legal portion. This may raise the question whether a country, which is lacking a protective rule that can be compared with the Swedish legal portion, may constitute a basis for public policy. According to the Swedish law there is an opportunity, through public policy, for Sweden to override a foreign law on the grounds that it is clearly incompatible with the foundations of the Swedish legal system. The Islamic inheritance law differs considerably from the Swedish inheritance law, in comparison to the right of inheritance in for example any Western European country. It is debatable whether any basis in the Islamic inheritance law of direct heirs may conflict with the fundamentals of the Swedish legal system and therefore actualize public policy. The Swedish right of inheritance for direct heirs is to a large extent of dispositive nature, which is why public policy can only become relevant in an international succession dispute, where a foreign law is applicable. The courts tend to strictly interpret public policy, probably because of the fear that the country's law, which gets overridden, could oppose. Future application of public policy may be further limited when the EU Succession Regulation enters into force. It is still up to the Swedish court to determine what in each case is deemed to be manifestly incompatible with public policy in Sweden, and what impact this may have on the succession of direct heirs.