The opening of telecommunications to competition since the beginning of the 1980's has several explanations. Governments have acknowledged that the regulatory preservation of national monopolies had become impossible as well as economically inefficient, notably because of certain technological revolutions. Liberalization of telecommunications must also be seen in the context of a global opening of markets, of which the most obvious manifestation is the creation of the WTO. At the European level, liberalization is the logical consequence of the Treaty of Rome principles and objectives. / Introducing competition to the telecommunication sector proves to be extremely difficult in practice, especially in a context where telecommunication, media an information technologies industries converge. The new regulation must find, through the definition of interconnection conditions between operators and the preservation of universal service, an equilibrium between the conflicting interests of incumbent and new operators, and those of professional and residential customers.

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University of Macau / Faculty of Law

published_or_final_version / abstract / Law / Master / Doctor of Legal Studies

Data protection in the EU - Biometric data The main aim of this thesis is to deal with the data protection in connection with the biometric data. In the first chapter, the author of this work deals with the historical context. The right to privacy even nowadays represents the solid ground of the data protection. Therefore, its de- limitation and subsequent connection with the data privacy is of an upmost importance for a proper understanding of this problematics. The author also deals with the data protection not only in the european context, but also with the disunited legislation in the US, where a legisla- tion in the context of general data protection regulation is absent. The second chapter mainly dealt with stating the general legal principles and their rel- evance to the legal order as well as with the special principles laid down in the regulation, which are mandatory to be upheld. The third chapter dealt with the term of personal data. Moreover, it was also important to define the other terms, which goes hand in hand with the personal data term. Therefore, anonymous data as a personal data, which went through the anonymisation process, as well as the special category of personal data, which represents the fundament of the problematics of the biometric data and lastly also the term of data...

Mutual recognition versus harmonization - development and perspectives of the criminal law in the EU Abstract The criminal law, which stood away from the attention of the mainstream European integration process for a long time, is at present considered one of the fastest growing spheres of the Union law. The thesis focuses in 8 chapters on the development and perspectives of the criminal law in the EU by analysing two main forms of the development of the member states' cooperation in this area, which are mutual recognition and harmonization. After an introductory part the second and third chapters at first pursue historical roots of the member states' cooperation in the area of the criminal law and the description and justification of the current legal framework of the EU criminal law, which has been set up by the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty in 2009. The key notions this thesis focuses on are the principle of mutual recognition and harmonization, therefore a comprehensive chapter deals with each of these terms (chapter four with mutual recognition, chapter five with harmonization). The chapter about mutual recognition points out to its origin, grounds for the use of the principle of mutual recognition in the criminal area, centres at its basic characteristics and mutual trust as a central notion...

published_or_final_version / Law / Master / Master of Laws in Corporate & Financial Law

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