Right to Personal Liberty in the Context of the Asylum Law of the European Union Mgr. Miloš Kulda Abstract: Right to personal liberty is considered to be one of the most important fundamental rights of a person. Unfortunately, the interferences to this right also constitute one of the aspects that generally accompanies asylum and forced migration. Europe is no exception in this respect. The topic of this theses is as follows: Right to Personal Liberty in the Context of the Asylum Law of the European Union. The objective of the theses is particularly to assess the level of protection which is provided within the European Union to asylum seekers and other forced migrant - i.e. refused asylum seekers and so called irregular migrants - against unauthorised deprivation of their liberty. The research is performed in the light of both the European Union law and European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The focus of the thesis stands on two main pillars. The first one are the rules concerning the deprivation of liberty of asylum seekers and other forced migrants according to Art. 5 of the Convention and related case-law of the European Court of Justice. The second pillar are then the rules concerning the deprivation of liberty of the above mentioned groups of persons according...

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University of Macau / Faculty of Law

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

The international civil aviation system is currently going through a transitional phase. Deregulation and liberalization of air transport services and privatisation of certain airlines have contributed to the modification of the aviation landscape. In this context, airline alliances play a crucial role. Both the US and EC authorities have been supportive of airline alliances because they believe that alliances have the potential to increase competition and to provide the consumers with benefits. / The first part of this thesis intends to provide economic and historical background to highlight the reasons for the multiplication of alliances, as well as the political and economic circumstances under which competition authorities assess alliances. The second part of this thesis is meant to determine which legal regime is applied to transatlantic alliances, and whether alliances are assessed like agreements among companies in any other business sector. The third part focuses more specifically on the antitrust control of the Sky Team alliance which occurs in the context of the EU/US Open skies agreement.

Tax competition between tax sovereignties is a fact. We focus here on the international tax competition. Taxation is one of the tools of governance that States use to direct their policies. Tax authorities try to diminish the burden of their taxpayers to improve the national economic and social welfare. To aim this objective, Governments intensify the competitiveness of the domestic trade and/or attract foreign investments. Because every States share the same goal, Governments compete with each other on the tax field. This tax competition is qualified as beneficial on the one hand, and one the other hand---ever more often---the adjective used to qualify this competition would be "harmful". At first, this thesis exposes the situation of tax competition, presenting the opposing views and the concurring ones. Then, we look at the position of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development and the position of the European Union on this issue of tax competition. Historic summaries explain the point of view of these two organizations that are the leaders in the fight against the "harmful" tax competition. Finally, we give subjective ideas to re-think tax competition in a fair way.

Le moyen d’ordre public joue un rôle fondamental dans le contentieux relevant de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne. Ce moyen peut être défini comme celui qui tend à la garantie des règles et valeurs essentielles de l’ordre juridique européen. Il poursuit une finalité résolument objective et tend à la garantie des répartitions des compétences juridictionnelles et décisionnelles, au respect des formes essentielles de toutes procédures, au respect de certains droits fondamentaux d’ordre essentiellement procédural, voire à la sauvegarde de certaines règles substantielles. Dans l’intérêt objectif de la collectivité des justiciables, ce moyen tend ainsi à garantir les équilibres constitutionnels inhérents à la construction européenne en assurant le rôle de chaque acteur dans le déroulement régulier des procédures. Le moyen d’ordre public joue de manière variable dans l’ensemble des procédures contentieuses relevant de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne. Il est impératif et s’impose tant au juge qu’aux parties. Il doit être examiné et relevé d’office par le juge dès lors qu’il est de nature à influencer la solution du litige. L’obligation du juge s’accommode néanmoins d’une certaine souplesse. Ce moyen peut être invoqué par les parties en dehors des règles de droit commun régissant la recevabilité des moyens. Relevé d’office par le juge ou invoqué par une partie, le moyen d’ordre public doit être soumis au débat contradictoire entre les parties. Un courant jurisprudentiel récent tend ainsi à subjectiviser le régime du moyen d’ordre public au vu des exigences du procès équitable. / Grounds of public policy are of fundamental importance in legal proceedings before the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). They may be defined as grounds intended to safeguard the fundamental rules and values of the European legal order. They pursue a resolutely objective aim and are intended to maintain the allocation of judicial and decision-making powers, to uphold the procedural requirements of all proceedings, to uphold fundamental rights which are essentially procedural in nature, and even to protect the substance of certain legal norms. In the objective interest of the general public, they are intended to safeguard the constitutional balances forming an integral part of European construction by ensuring the participation of every party in the lawful conduct of proceedings. Grounds of public policy play a variable part in proceedings before the CJEU. They are imperative and binding upon both the Court and the parties. They must be examined and, where they determine the outcome of the proceedings, raised ex officio by the judge. However, the Court’s obligation is subject to some flexibility. Grounds of public policy may be raised by the parties regardless of general admissibility requirements. Whether they are raised ex officio by the Court or put forward by a party, such grounds must be subject to an exchange of argument between the parties. Thus, a recent line of case-law seeks to reconcile the rules governing grounds of public policy with the requirements of the right to a fair trial.

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Ce mémoire porte sur l’étude des conflits de lois et de juridictions relatifs au contrat d’assurance. Le contrat d’assurance étant un contrat des plus usité, il est intéressant d’étudier, dans un contexte de mondialisation, de globalisation des échanges, de ce qu’il en advient du contrat d’assurance dans le cadre des relations privées à caractère international. En ce sens, seront traitées des règles de conflit de lois et de juridictions relatifs au contrat d’assurance dans le cadre des instruments que sont le Règlement Rome I, le Règlement Bruxelles I Bis et la Convention de Lugano, mais également, dans celui du droit international privé québécois. Ce sera donc une approche de droit comparé qui sera adoptée au travers de cette étude. L’on verra notamment que le contrat d’assurance a donné lieu à divers traitements méthodologiques du point de vue de la résolution des conflits de lois et de juridictions. Il sera donc intéressant de comparer ces approches afin de déterminer celle qui pourrait atteindre au mieux les objectifs spécifiques du contrat d’assurance, à savoir, notamment, celui de protection de la partie faible. / This thesis is concerned with the study of the conflicts of laws and jurisdictions relating to the insurance contract. Since insurance contracts are a type of contract that is commonly used, it is worth understanding, notably in the context of economic globalization, what specifically happens to the contract of insurance within the framework of international private relations. In this sense, the rules of conflict of laws and jurisdictions relating to the insurance contract will be considered with regards to the framework of the Rome I Regulation, the Brussels I Bis Regulation and the Lugano Convention, as well as with respect to the private international law of Quebec. Therefore, a comparative law approach will be adopted through this study. It will be noticed among other things that the insurance contract has given rise to various methodological treatments with regards to the resolution of conflicts of laws and jurisdictions. It will therefore be interesting to compare these approaches in order to determine which approach could best achieve the specific objectives of the insurance contract, in particularly, the protection of the weaker party.