O presente trabalho trata da preparação e da caracterização textural e espectroscópica de hidróxidos mistos lamelares de composição [Mg3-xCuxAl(OH)8](CO3)0,5.yH2O (x= 0,3; 0,6; 0,9; 1,2; 1,5; 1,8; 2,1; 2,4; 2,7 e 3,0), bem como do estudo da reatividade desses materiais na hidroxilação do fenol, utilizando peróxido de hidrogênio como oxidante. Os sólidos foram preparados através do método da co-precipitação e caracterizados por difratometria de raios X, análises elementares (C, H, N e metais) e termogravimétricas, medidas de área superficial e, também, pelas seguintes técnicas espectroscópicas: vibracional no infravermelho e espalhamento Raman, eletrônica de absorção no visível-infravermelho próximo e ressonância paramagnética eletrônica. Observou-se que quanto maior o conteúdo de cobre(II) nas amostras, maior é a tendência à formação de CuO. Materiais de coloração azul contendo apenas uma fase cristalina foram obtidos por co-precipitação no intervalo de pH 8-10 e efetuando as etapas de envelhecimento e secagem na temperatura ambiente. Quanto maior a quantidade de íons Cu2+ no hidróxido misto lamelar, menor a cristalinidade e a estabilidade térmica do material. Os espectros de EPR são anisotrópicos (parâmetros g// e g? bem definidos), indicando que os íons cobre(II) se encontram em sítio com simetria axial. À medida que a quantidade de Cu2+ nas amostras aumenta, ocorre uma diminuição no sinal do metal de transição, que pode ser interpretada como decorrência de um acoplamento antiferromagnético entre os íons cobre. Dados de espectroscopia vibracional sugerem que nos hidróxidos mistos há dois tipos de íons carbonato. Além disso, foi observado o fenômeno de abaixamento de simetria dos ânions CO32- ao longo do processo de aquecimento, originando, conforme a temperatura e a composição, materiais de coloração variada. O abaixamento de simetria pode estar sendo ocasionado pela coordenação (ou enxertia) dos íons carbonato aos centros metálicos das lamelas. Os sólidos verdes obtidos por aquecimento possuem, além de bandas no espectro eletrônico atribuídas às transições do tipo d-d (700-800 nm), absorção na região abaixo de 400 nm, que pode ser atribuída à transferência de carga O2- -> Cu2+. Apesar dos difratogramas de raios X apresentarem picos de baixas intensidades referentes às fases espinélio, a coloração ocre observada pode ser devida à presença da fase CuAl2O4 (sólido marrom). Nas amostras cinzas e pretas, os difratogramas de raios X mostram picos intensos atribuídos ao CuO. Os testes de reatividade dos hidróxidos mistos sintetizados na hidroxilação do fenol pelo peróxido de hidrogênio em meio aquoso envolveram a variação de parâmetros reacionais como temperatura, tempo, concentração de substrato e influência de luz, mantendo-se constante a relação molar fenol/Cu2+. O substrato orgânico foi oxidado a catecol, hidroquinona e p-benzoquinona. As substâncias no meio reacional foram quantificadas pela deconvolução do espectro eletrônico da mistura na região do ultravioleta. Como esperado, o material sintetizado sem íons cobre(II) não apresenta atividade catalítica para o sistema reacional estudado. / In this work it was investigated the preparation and spectroscopic characterization of layered hydroxides of composition [Mg3-xCuxAl(OH)8](CO3)0.5.yH2O (x = 0.3; 0.6; 0.9; 1.2; 1.5; 1.8; 2.1; 2.4; 2.7 and 3.0), as well the reactivity of these materials towards phenol hydroxylation, using hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agent. The solids had been prepared through the co-precipitation method and characterized by X ray diffractometry, elemental analysis (C, H, N and metals), thermogravimetric analysis, surface area measurements, and also by the following spectroscopic techniques: infrared vibrational absortion (FTIR), Raman scattering, vis-NIR electronic absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). It was observed that the increase of copper(II) content in the samples favours the CuO formation. Materials of blue coloration containing only one crystalline phase were obtained by the co-precipitation method in the pH range 10 – 8, and were submitted to aging and drying processes at room temperature. As the amount of Cu2+ ions increases in the layered hydroxide material, it was observed a decrease in crystallinity and thermal stability. EPR spectra are anisotropic (parameters g// and g? well defined), indicating that copper(II) ions are in sites with axial symmetry. As the amount of Cu2+ in the samples increases, EPR signal decreases, what can be interpreted as result of an antiferromagnetic coupling between copper ions. FTIR data suggests that the layered hydroxides gave two types of cabornate ions. Moreover, the symmetry lowering phenomena of CO32- anions during the heating process was observed, originating, according to the temperature and sample composition, materials of varied coloration. This lowering of symmetry can be due to coordination (or grafting) of carbonate ions to the metal ions in the layers. Vis-NIR electronic spectra of green solids obtained by heating show absorption in the region below 400 nm, besides bands attributed to d-d transitions (700-800 nm), that can be attributed to O2- -> Cu2+ charge transfer transition. Despite the X ray diffraction peaks of low intensities attributed to spinel phases, the ochre coloration observed can be due to the presence of CuAl2O4 (brown solid). For gray and black samples, X ray diffractograms shows intense peaks attributed to CuO. Reactivity tests about phenol hydroxylation involved the variation of experimental parameters as temperature, time, substrate concentration and influence of light, keeping constant the phenol/Cu2+ molar ratio. The organic substrate was oxidized to cathecol, hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone and these products were quantified by deconvolution of the electronic spectra. As expected, the material synthesized without copper(II) ions does not show catalytic activity for the studied reaction.

O presente trabalho trata da preparação e da caracterização textural e espectroscópica de hidróxidos mistos lamelares de composição [Mg3-xCuxAl(OH)8](CO3)0,5.yH2O (x= 0,3; 0,6; 0,9; 1,2; 1,5; 1,8; 2,1; 2,4; 2,7 e 3,0), bem como do estudo da reatividade desses materiais na hidroxilação do fenol, utilizando peróxido de hidrogênio como oxidante. Os sólidos foram preparados através do método da co-precipitação e caracterizados por difratometria de raios X, análises elementares (C, H, N e metais) e termogravimétricas, medidas de área superficial e, também, pelas seguintes técnicas espectroscópicas: vibracional no infravermelho e espalhamento Raman, eletrônica de absorção no visível-infravermelho próximo e ressonância paramagnética eletrônica. Observou-se que quanto maior o conteúdo de cobre(II) nas amostras, maior é a tendência à formação de CuO. Materiais de coloração azul contendo apenas uma fase cristalina foram obtidos por co-precipitação no intervalo de pH 8-10 e efetuando as etapas de envelhecimento e secagem na temperatura ambiente. Quanto maior a quantidade de íons Cu2+ no hidróxido misto lamelar, menor a cristalinidade e a estabilidade térmica do material. Os espectros de EPR são anisotrópicos (parâmetros g// e g? bem definidos), indicando que os íons cobre(II) se encontram em sítio com simetria axial. À medida que a quantidade de Cu2+ nas amostras aumenta, ocorre uma diminuição no sinal do metal de transição, que pode ser interpretada como decorrência de um acoplamento antiferromagnético entre os íons cobre. Dados de espectroscopia vibracional sugerem que nos hidróxidos mistos há dois tipos de íons carbonato. Além disso, foi observado o fenômeno de abaixamento de simetria dos ânions CO32- ao longo do processo de aquecimento, originando, conforme a temperatura e a composição, materiais de coloração variada. O abaixamento de simetria pode estar sendo ocasionado pela coordenação (ou enxertia) dos íons carbonato aos centros metálicos das lamelas. Os sólidos verdes obtidos por aquecimento possuem, além de bandas no espectro eletrônico atribuídas às transições do tipo d-d (700-800 nm), absorção na região abaixo de 400 nm, que pode ser atribuída à transferência de carga O2- -> Cu2+. Apesar dos difratogramas de raios X apresentarem picos de baixas intensidades referentes às fases espinélio, a coloração ocre observada pode ser devida à presença da fase CuAl2O4 (sólido marrom). Nas amostras cinzas e pretas, os difratogramas de raios X mostram picos intensos atribuídos ao CuO. Os testes de reatividade dos hidróxidos mistos sintetizados na hidroxilação do fenol pelo peróxido de hidrogênio em meio aquoso envolveram a variação de parâmetros reacionais como temperatura, tempo, concentração de substrato e influência de luz, mantendo-se constante a relação molar fenol/Cu2+. O substrato orgânico foi oxidado a catecol, hidroquinona e p-benzoquinona. As substâncias no meio reacional foram quantificadas pela deconvolução do espectro eletrônico da mistura na região do ultravioleta. Como esperado, o material sintetizado sem íons cobre(II) não apresenta atividade catalítica para o sistema reacional estudado. / In this work it was investigated the preparation and spectroscopic characterization of layered hydroxides of composition [Mg3-xCuxAl(OH)8](CO3)0.5.yH2O (x = 0.3; 0.6; 0.9; 1.2; 1.5; 1.8; 2.1; 2.4; 2.7 and 3.0), as well the reactivity of these materials towards phenol hydroxylation, using hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agent. The solids had been prepared through the co-precipitation method and characterized by X ray diffractometry, elemental analysis (C, H, N and metals), thermogravimetric analysis, surface area measurements, and also by the following spectroscopic techniques: infrared vibrational absortion (FTIR), Raman scattering, vis-NIR electronic absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). It was observed that the increase of copper(II) content in the samples favours the CuO formation. Materials of blue coloration containing only one crystalline phase were obtained by the co-precipitation method in the pH range 10 – 8, and were submitted to aging and drying processes at room temperature. As the amount of Cu2+ ions increases in the layered hydroxide material, it was observed a decrease in crystallinity and thermal stability. EPR spectra are anisotropic (parameters g// and g? well defined), indicating that copper(II) ions are in sites with axial symmetry. As the amount of Cu2+ in the samples increases, EPR signal decreases, what can be interpreted as result of an antiferromagnetic coupling between copper ions. FTIR data suggests that the layered hydroxides gave two types of cabornate ions. Moreover, the symmetry lowering phenomena of CO32- anions during the heating process was observed, originating, according to the temperature and sample composition, materials of varied coloration. This lowering of symmetry can be due to coordination (or grafting) of carbonate ions to the metal ions in the layers. Vis-NIR electronic spectra of green solids obtained by heating show absorption in the region below 400 nm, besides bands attributed to d-d transitions (700-800 nm), that can be attributed to O2- -> Cu2+ charge transfer transition. Despite the X ray diffraction peaks of low intensities attributed to spinel phases, the ochre coloration observed can be due to the presence of CuAl2O4 (brown solid). For gray and black samples, X ray diffractograms shows intense peaks attributed to CuO. Reactivity tests about phenol hydroxylation involved the variation of experimental parameters as temperature, time, substrate concentration and influence of light, keeping constant the phenol/Cu2+ molar ratio. The organic substrate was oxidized to cathecol, hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone and these products were quantified by deconvolution of the electronic spectra. As expected, the material synthesized without copper(II) ions does not show catalytic activity for the studied reaction.

<p>Usled visoke fotokatalitičke efikasnosti u procesima preči&scaron;ćavanja voda i vazduha, titan(IV)-oksid (TiO₂) se u poslednje vreme sve vi&scaron;e ispituje u oblasti za&scaron;titi životne okoline. Međutim usled visokih zahteva koje fotokatalizatori u ovoj oblasti treba da zadovolje, kao &scaron;to su aktivnost, selektivnost, netoksičnost, ekonomičnost i stabilnost, potreba za razvojem fotokatalizatora sa povoljnijim karakteristikama se sve vi&scaron;e nameće kao prioritet za buduća istraživanja. Inovativni pristup ove doktorske disertacije je usmeren upravo ka razvoju novih kompleksnih sistema na bazi oksida titana i slojevitih hidroksida, osvrćući se na postavljenu polaznu hipotezu o mogućem sinergetskom efektu komponenata u dostizanju visoke fotokatalitičke efikasnosti, kao i u pobolj&scaron;anju njihovih op&scaron;tih katalitičkih performansi. ZnAl i NiAl slojeviti hidroksidi su izabrani kao nosači aktivne komponente (TiO₂). Modifikacija postojećih metoda sinteze je izvr&scaron;ena kako bi se pospe&scaron;ila interakcija aktivne komponente i nosača. Komparativna istraživanja novonastalih materijala pripremljenih primenom četiri nove metode sinteze pokazala su da se izborom metodologije sinteze i prirode interakcije između aktivne faze TiO₂ i aktivnog nosača mogu pobolj&scaron;ati fotokatalitičke performanse kompozitnih materijala u odnosu na referentne vrednosti dobijene za ZnAl slojevite hidrokside. Iako je udeo TiO₂ veoma mali u novonastalim kompleksnim sistemima, fotokatalitička efikasnost razgradnje model polutanta je zadovoljavajuća, usled pobolj&scaron;ane dostupnosti aktivnih centara i usled limitiranja aglomeracije TiO₂. Potvrđeno je da metoda i uslovi sinteze bitno utiču na strukturu, teksturu i povr&scaron;inske karakteristike formiranih kompozita, uz rezultujuće značajne razlike i u fotokatalitičkim svojstvima sintetisanih materijala. Komparativna ispitivanja fotokatalitičke efikasnosti uz primenu odabranih test reakcija (razgradnje metilenskog plavog, rodamina B i metil oranža) pokazala su da uzorci sintetisani metodom impregnacije u baznoj sredini pokazuju najbolje fotokatalitičke performanse u &scaron;irem spektru zračenja, &scaron;to je pripisano formiranju faza ZnO i ZnTiO₄ u ovim uslovima, detektovanih XRD, FTIR i XPS analizama. Takođe, mikrobiolo&scaron;ke analize na antimikrobno dejstvo su pokazale da, iako TiO₂ ne pokazuje inhibitoran efekat, uzorci sintetisani impregnacijom u baznoj sredini imaju i najizraženiji inhibitorni efekat na rast gram-pozitivnih i gram-negativnih bakterija, &scaron;to dodatno ukazuje na doprinos sinergetskog efekta slojevitih oksida i aktivne faze me&scaron;ovitih oksida u formiranju aktivnih centara visoke fotokatalitičke aktivnosti. Uzorci dobijeni primenom metoda koprecipitacije pokazuju nižu, ali zadovoljavajuću fotokatalitičku aktivnost, dok uzorci sintetisani metodom impregnacije u neutralnoj sredini pokazuju najnižu fotokatalitičku aktivnost i mali inhibitorni efekat.<br />Istraživanja u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji dala su doprinos novim saznanjima o karakteristikama kompozitnih materijala tipa TiO₂/ZnAl slojeviti hidroksidi bitnim za obezbeđenje fotokatalitičke aktivnosti materijala ovog tipa u &scaron;irem spektru zračenja (UV/VIS), kao i ukupnih performansi koje omogućuju njihovu primenu u različitim ekolo&scaron;kim procesima (preči&scaron;ćavanje vode i vazduha od organskih, neorganskih i biolo&scaron;kih polutanata).</p> / <p>Recently, titanium-dioxide (TiO₂) has been extensively researched in the field of environmental protection due to its high photocatalytic efficiency in processes for water and air purification. Considering the high demands that are constantly set for photocatalysts in this field of research, such as activity, selectivity, stability, cost-effective and non-toxic, the need to develop photocatalysts with better characteristics is becoming increasingly evident as a priority for future research. The novel approach of this Ph.D. thesis is oriented towards the development of new complex systems on the basis of titanium-dioxide and layered double hydroxides, taking into account the hypothesis about their possible synergetic effect achieving high photocatalytic efficiency and obtaining better overall catalytic performances. ZnAl and NiAl layered double hydroxides have been chosen as the catalyst support of the active component (TiO₂). In order to initiate the interaction between the active component and support, current synthesis methods have been modified. The novel materials were synthesized using four new different synthesis methods. Comparative investigation showed that the synthesis method, as well as the nature of the interaction between the active phase and the support can improve the overall photocatalytic performances of the composite materials when compared to the referent values obtained from ZnAl layered double hydroxides. Although the TiO₂ amount is low in the novel complex systems, photocatalytic efficiency for the degradation of model pollutants is satisfactory due to improved accessibility to the active centres, as well as due to limitation of TiO₂ agglomeration. It was confirmed that the synthesis method and conditions considerably affect the structural, textural and surface characteristics of the formed composites, resulting in significant differences in photocatalytic characteristics of the synthesized materials. Comparative research of photocatalytic efficiency in the chosen test reactions (methylene blue, rhodamine B, and methyl orange degradation) showed that the samples synthesized by the wet impregnation method in alkaline solution exhibited the best photocatalytic performance in the wide range of radiation that attributed to the formation of ZnO phase and ZnTiO₄ detected by XRD, FTIR and XPS analysis. Also, the research on the antimicrobial activity showed that, although TiO₂ has no inhibitory effect, the samples synthesized by the wet impregnation method in alkaline solution have the highest inhibitory effect on the&nbsp;growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, confirming the contribution of the synergic effect to the formation of active centres with high photocatalytic activity. The samples obtained by the coprecipitation method had lower, but satisfactory photocatalytic activity, while samples synthesized by the wet impregnation method in water solution showed the lowest photocatalytic activity, as well as low inhibitory effect on the bacteria growth. The research in this Ph.D. thesis contributed to the knowledge on the characteristics of novel composite materials TiO₂/ZnAl layered hydroxides that are of essential importance concerning their photocatalytic activity in the wide range of radiation (UV / VIS), as well as their overall performance that enable their use in a variety of ecological processes, such purification of water and air pollution from organic, inorganic and biological pollutants.</p>

Le but de ce travail de thèse est d’étudier et de rationaliser, à l’aide de mécanismes réactionnels, le comportement sous irradiation de différents matériaux argileux. Les systèmes d’intérêt ont d’abord été le talc synthétique, qui est le prototype d’un matériau non gonflant. Sous irradiation par des électrons accélérés, la production de dihydrogène dans ce système, uniquement due aux groupes hydroxyle de surface, est du même ordre de grandeur que celle obtenue dans l’eau liquide. Ce rendement est divisé par 30 dans le cas du talc naturel de Luzenac, mettant ainsi en évidence l’importance des impuretés comme capteurs des précurseurs du dihydrogène. Des smectites synthétiques, qui sont des matériaux gonflants, ont ensuite été étudiées.Les résultats mettent en évidence la radiolyse de l’eau confinée dans l’espace interfoliaire, qui conduit à des rendements de production de H2 pouvant être deux à trois fois supérieurs à ceux mesurés dans l’eau. Ils sont similaires pour la saponite et la montmorillonite, montrant que la localisation de la charge foliaire ne joue qu’un rôle mineur. Enfin, l’étude des hydroxydes doubles lamellaires ou argiles anioniques, prouve que, dans ce cas, c’est la nature de l’anion dans l’espace interlamellaire qui pilote la réactivité. En parallèle à ces mesures, des expériences de spectroscopie paramagnétique de l’électron ont permis de proposer des mécanismes réactionnels. Enfin, tous les résultats obtenus sont d’intérêt dans le contexte du stockage des déchets radioactifs. / The aim of this PhD thesis is to study and understand, by proposing reaction mechanisms, the behavior under irradiation of various clay materials. The systems of interest were first synthetic talc, which is the prototype of a non-swelling material. Under irradiation by accelerated electrons, the production of dihydrogen in this system, due solely to surface hydroxyl groups, is of the same order of magnitude as the one obtained in liquid water. This yield is divided by 30 in the case of natural talc from Luzenac, thus highlighting the importance of the impurities as scavengers of the precursors of dihydrogen. Synthetic smectites, which are swelling materials, were then studied.The results evidence the radiolysis of water confined in the interlayer space, leading to H2 yields which may be two to three times higher than those measured in water. Moreover, they are similar for montmorillonite and saponite, evidencing that the charge location plays only a minor role. Finally, the study of double layered hydroxides or anionic clays shows that, in this case, the nature of the anion in the interlamellar space controls the reactivity. Parallel to these measurements, electron paramagnetic spectroscopy experiments have enabled proposing reaction mechanisms. Finally, all these results are of interest in the context of the disposal of radioactive waste.

L’originalité du manuscrit de thèse est basée sur une preuve de concept selon laquelle il peut être possible de générer IN SITU des matériaux plaquettaires au sein même d’une matrice polymère à renforcer. Cette approche est basée sur une nouvelle voie de préparation de matériaux hybrides à base d’hydroxydes lamellaires. Cette méthode combine une voie de synthèse par polyol et la génération IN SITU de plaquettes inorganiques, en présence d’oligomères BOLA à caractère amphiphile. La voie polyol consiste en l’hydrolyse en milieu alcoolique d’un ou de plusieurs sels acétate métalliques comme précurseur, en vue de former les phases LSH et HDL suivantes, LSH-Zn, LDH-Zn2Al ;-LiAl2. Les BOLA possèdent des segments téléchéliques composés de chaînes hydrophobes terminées par deux groupes anioniques hydrophiles, l’ensemble est neutralisé par un cation ammonium. L'impact de la voie de synthèse IN SITU, les systèmes plaquettaires choisis ainsi que les contre-ions organiques à partir de la morphologie des phases hybrides obtenues, est étudié en comparaison aux mélanges physiques correspondants (EX SITU). Ce manuscrit présente une étude structurale des différents nanocomposites formés ; par le biais d’analyses DRX, complétées par du SAXS (ligne de lumière SWING à Soleil) et de l’imagerie MET. Des bilans matière sur les différentes synthèses IN SITU sont aussi réalisés pour déterminer les rendements de formation et taux de conversion des précurseurs en matériaux lamellaires. Concernant l’approche EX SITU ; les chaines polymère diffusent entre les plaquettes inorganiques, ceci principalement lié à une réaction d’échange entre les anions acétate des phases lamellaires et les fonctions carboxylates des chaines polymère, conservant l’intégrité des feuillets à par un processus topotactique. L’efficacité du processus d’intercalation a été trouvée décroissante suivant LDH-Zn2Al > LDH- LiAl2 >> LSH-Zn. Dans le cas du LSH-Zn, un ensemble stratifié à plusieurs échelles a été observé alliant charpente inorganique initiale intercalé acétate et une partie diffusée du BOLA, conduisant à une structuration dite biphasique. Contre intuitivement, dans le cas des HDL, la voie EX SITU, basée sur la réaction topotactique d'échange, et la voie IN SITU, basée sur la réaction de templating ont donné dans de nombreux cas des résultats similaires en terme d'états de dispersion, et ceci indépendamment du polymère ou du BOLA utilisé ainsi que de la composition des plaquettes. L’observation de plaquettes isolées LSH-Zn, n’a jamais été reportée dans la littérature, ce qui rend alors le processus de synthèse polyol/IN SITU intéressant pour l’obtention d’état de dispersion exfolié pour ce type de particules. La combinaison polyol/IN SITU permet la génération de plaquette LSH ou LDH de taille latérale comprise entre 10 à 200 nm. Cependant, les plaquettes générées se sont révélées poreuses, un inconvénient pour les propriétés de type barrière. Ce résultat ouvre toutefois des perspectives nouvelles en intégrant ces plaquettes 2D poreuses avec des particules de type 1D pour une approche en architecture « tectonique ». / Layered particle based nano-composites have recently been shown to impart stone impact resistance to automotive coatings by making use of polymer intercalated Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) platelets in a variety of different film morphologies. However the LDH particles used were obtained via coprecipitation of the metal salts in the presence of small organic anions in order to render the Layered Hydroxide particles organophilic and to facilitate the intercalation of carboxylate group bearing matrix polymers. Thus anion exchange in the course of colloidal processing and during film formation leads to the release of ionic species which may deteriorate the coatings barrier function. In order to circumvent objectionable counter ions (involved in the synthesis and the coatings formulation), a novel preparation route for layered hydroxide based hybrid phases has been here investigated combining the polyol route with the IN SITU generation of inorganic platelets, in the presence of amphiphilic polymer as well as bola-amphiphiles. The polyol route consists in hydrolysis in an alcoholic medium containing acetate metal cation as precursor(s), to yield LDH (Zn2Al, LiAl2 cation composition) or LSH-Zn (Layered Single Hydroxide). Bola amphiphile descripts as being some hydrophobic polymer segment-telechelic-chains terminated by two anionic hydrophilic end groups, using of volatile ammonium cation as counter ion. The impact of both process conditions as well as the chosen system with regard to the metal hydroxide framework and the organic counter ions on the morphology of the obtained hybrid phases are presented, discussed and compared to corresponding physical mixture. For the EX SITU approach, the diffusion of large cumbersome polymers or amphiphilic bolas between the inorganic platelets was found to be efficient, mostly driven by an anion exchange reaction between interleaved acetate anions and carboxylate functions of the molecular backbones, and keeping intact the inner-sheet integrity through a topotactic process. The efficiency of the intercalation process was found decreasing to range as LDH-Zn2Al > LDH-LiAl2 >> LSH-Zn, more or less regardless of the guest organic species. Aggregation may happen and cannot be discarded especially when using LiAl2 type platelets and non-neutralized bola. In particular with LSH-Zn, a multi stratified assembly has been observed combining acetate pristine structure and partly bola diffused structure, leading to a biphasic structure, aggregated and intercalated. To the best of our knowledge, observation of LSH-Zn single platelets has never been reported, making of the combined process Polyol/IN SITU an interesting new route in reaching exfoliation. Indeed, it yields to the generation of platelets either LSH or LDH of lateral size ranging between 10 up to 200 nm. However, the platelets were found to be porous; it is considered as a drawback for barrier properties. It is our belief that such porosity may open new insights in “tectonic” architecture by intertwining 2D and 1D-type filler. Rather counter intuitively, EX SITU based on topotactic exchange reaction matches the IN SITU templating reaction in many cases as a function of the dispersion state regardless of the polymer or bolas as well as the platelets cation composition.

<p>Ispitivani su dvostruki slojeviti hidroksidi, LDH i me&scaron;oviti oksidi nastali njihovom<br />razgradnjom, sa različitim sadržajem Mg-Al-Fe i pro&scaron;irenom supstitucijom aluminijuma.<br />Koprecipitacione metode male i velike prezasićenosti odabrane su za sintezu LDH op&scaron;te<br />formule [Mg1_-xM(III)_x(OH)₂](CO₃)_x/2 &sdot; mH₂O, gde M(III) pretstavlja Al i/ili Fe, a x udeo<br />trovalentnih anjona, x = M(III) / [M(II) + M(III)], variran u intervalu 0,15 &lt; x &lt; 0,7.<br />Katalizatori na bazi me&scaron;ovitih oksida sa gvožđem pogodni za upotrebu u redoks<br />reakcijama, formirani su nakon termičke aktivacije - razlaganja LDH. Izvr&scaron;ena je<br />karakterizacija me&scaron;ovitih oksida nastalih iz LDH, kao i netretiranih LDH, ispitivanjem<br />kristalne strukture (XRD), termičke stabilnosti (TG-DTA), teksture (adsorpcija N₂), redoks<br />(H₂ TPR) i kiselo-baznih karakteristika (NH₃ TPD), a utvrđena je i priroda prisutnih vrsta<br />gvožđa (Moessbauer spektroskopija). Pokazano je kako metoda pripreme i obim<br />supstitucije M(III) jona utiču na strukturne, povr&scaron;inske i redoks karakteristike LDH i<br />njihovih me&scaron;ovitih oksida u korelaciji sa katalitičkim svojstvima u odabranim test<br />reakcijama (razgradnja N₂O i redukcija sa NH₃). Utvrđeno je da na katalitičku aktivnost<br />dominantno utiču redoks karakteristike i priroda vrste gvožđa u me&scaron;ovitom oksidu, ali<br />takođe i strukturne karakteristike polaznog LDH, pri čemu je povr&scaron;inska struktura aktivnih<br />centara intervalentnog Fe²⁺-Fe³⁺gvožđa ključna za redoks procese ispitivanih reakcija.<br />Kod svih me&scaron;ovitih oksida dobijenih iz LDH aktivni centri imaju relativno jednake jačine,<br />dok razlike u katalitičkom pona&scaron;anju potiču od razlika u dostupnosti aktivnih centara.<br />Najbolje performanse u katalitičkim reakcijama pokazali su uzorci sa najmanjom<br />stabilno&scaron;ću inicijalnih LDH kod kojih je količina supstituisanih M(III) jona bila blizu<br />granice za inkorporaciju u LDH matricu (x = 0,5), a naročito uzorak sintetisan metodom<br />velike prezasićenosti sa malom količinom dodatne Al(OH)₃ faze.</p> / <p>Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and derived mixed oxides with different Mg-Al-Fe content and extended aluminum substitution were investigated. High and low supersaturation precipitation methods were used for the synthesis of LDHs with general formula [Mg1_-x M(III)_x (OH)₂](CO₃)_x/2 &sdot; mH₂O where M(III) presents Al and/or Fe and x the content of trivalent ions, x = M(III) / [M(II) + M(III)], varied between 0.15 &lt; x &lt; 0.7. Iron-containing mixed oxides, suitable as catalysts for redox reactions, were formed after thermal activation - decomposition of LDH. Both, LDHs and derived mixed oxides were characterized with respect to crystalline structure (XRD), thermal stability (TG-DTA), textural (N₂ adsorption), redox (H₂ TPR) and acid-base properties (NH₃ TPD) as well as the nature of the iron species (Moessbauer spectroscopy). It was demonstrated how preparation method and the extent of M(III) substitution influence the structure, surface and redox properties of LDHs and derived mixed oxides in correlation to catalytic properties in chosen test reactions (N₂O decomposition and reduction with NH3). The catalytic behavior is mainly determined by the redox properties and the nature of the iron species in mixed oxides, but also by the structural properties of initial LDHs. It was confirmed that surface structure of intervalent Fe²⁺-Fe³⁺ iron active sites is crucial for the redox processes in chosen reactions. The strength of active sites is similar for all mixed oxides derived from LDH, but the differences in catalytic behavior arise from the differences in active sites accessibility. The best catalytic results were obtained when the stability of the initial LDH matrix was lowest e.g. when the amount of substituted M(III) was near the limit for the incorporation into LDH matrix (x = 0.5), especially for the sample synthesized with high superasaturation method containing a small amount of additional Al(OH)₃ phase.</p>