Modern heavy trucks tend to get more and more equipment demanding electric power. As a result, the electric power left for startingbecome more and more limited. If a complete view of the entire starting system-battery, starter and the combustion engine - is used, the total system can be investigated and optimized. This thesis is a study of the starting system and its components. Theories for each component are presented and models are derived for a complete starting system. Focus lies on the battery and starter motor. The purpose of the modelling work is to gain knowledge of the starting system. Some results can also be obtained from the simulations - it is very important to keep the electrical resistance as low as possible and the differences between battery types are surprisingly big.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:09:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 alessio_p_me_bauru.pdf: 1843758 bytes, checksum: c580a47f245b1c196058f87dfb7ddb59 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Na presente dissertação de mestrado apresentam-se estudos de um material polimérico do tipo poli(azo)uretana, chamada aqui de PAzoU, obtida a partir da reação de azocorante com o bis-carbonato cíclico de di-glicidiléter-bis-fenol A. A reação do azocorante possuindo dois agrupamentos 'NH IND. 2' livres com o bis-carbonato conduz à formação da PAzoU, a qual foi caracterizada por ressonância magnética nuclear de carbono 13 ('INTPOT. 13 C' RMN) em solução e na forma de pó e cromatografia de permeação por gel (GPC). Vale ressaltar a importância ecológica e industrial deste processo, uma vez que a poliuretana resultante é livre de isocianato (NIPU, do inglês non-isocyanate polyurethane) e foi obtida a partir da captura e ativação do 'CO IND. 2'. Uma vez caracterizado o polímero, filmes nanoestruturados foram fabricados com o objetivo principal de se investigar a estruturação em nível molecular do polímero nos filmes finos. Tal estruturação, além das características físicas e químicas do material em si, é um fator fundamental nas propriedades óticas e elétricas do filme. A importância do estudo destes materiais na forma de filmes finos justifica-se porque a maioria dos dispositivos eletrônicos de materiais orgânicos é fabricada tendo o filme fino como elemento transdutor de sinal. Três diferentes tipos de filmes finos foram estudados: filmes de Langmuir, filmes de Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) e filmes evaporados (ou PVD, do inglês physical vapor deposition). Os filmes de Langmuir, estudados na forma de monocamadas na interface ar/água, foram caracterizados por isotermas de pressão de superfície vs área molecular média (isotermas 'pi'-A) variando-se diferentes parâmetros: solventes para a dissolução do polímero, testes de estabilidade, curvas de histereses, velocidade de compressão das moléculas... / This work is related to the results of the study of a polymeric material in a form of ultrathin films. The studied polymer is a poly(azo)urethane, named PAzoU, obtained by the copolymerization of a diazo(4-aminomethyl-benzylamine) with the cyclic bis-carbonate of diglicidilether- bis-phenol A. The final polyurethane is a NIPU, non-isocyanate polyurethane material being remarkable the ecological and industrial role of materials obtained from 'CO IND. 2' capture and activation. The PAzoU was characterized by carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance ('INTPOT. 13 C' RMN) in solution and in solid state, and by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Once the polymer was characterized, nanostructured films were fabricated for investigating the polymer structuration at molecular level. Such structuration, in addition to the physical and chemical characteristics of the material itself, plays an important role on the film optical and electrical properties. In fact, most of the organic electronic devices are fabricated with the signal transducer element as a thin film. This justifies the importance of the study of the polymeric materials in the thin film form. The films have been studied in the monomolecular form by the langmuir technique on the air/water interface. The PAzoU has been characterized by isotherms of surface pressure vs mean molecular area ('pi'-A isotherm). The influence of the solvent has been investigated and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was chosen as the most appropriate for 'pi'-A isotherm experiments. Hence, other experiments were carried out using DMF as solvent: stability tests, hysteresis curves, compression speed of the molecules, and mixed films produced using stearic acid (SA). Afterwards the Langmuir films were transferred onto solid substrate forming Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films, which were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de dois métodos alternativos para recuperar chumbo. Fusão Alcalina e Eletrohidrometalúrgico. Ambos oferencem a possibilidade de recuperação de outros elementos químicos normalmente perdidos nas escórias. Partindo-se de matérias primas como sucata de baterias chumbo-ácido, resíduos e outras fontes contendo chumbo, a taxa de recuperação foi de 92% a 99% em chumbo com pureza de 99,74%, quando utilizado o método da Fusão Alkalina. Esta taxa foi de 94% em chumbo de 99,99% de pureza, quando empregado o processo Eletrohidrometalúrgico. Cumpre ressaltar que os resíduos gerados por estes métodos são da ordem de 6% a 10% e estão em uma forma química que permite a recuperação de outros metais. Pelo processo convencional (pirometalúrgico), a taxa de recuperação foi de 90% em chumbo com pureza de 98,5% com quantidade de resíduo que chega a 25% do chumbo total produzido e cuja composição obriga o descarte em aterros classe 1. Este trabalho também desenvolve um método para a obtenção de um aditivo que assegura a formação de massas ativas eficientes para placas de baterias chumbo-ácido. O aditivo, à base de sulfato tetrabásico de chumbo (4BS), proporcionou maior reversibilidade ao longo dos dois ciclos, sendo que o tempo de vida útil da bateria dobrou e a quantidade de baterias rejeitadas diminuiu 10% para menos do que 0,5%. Estes índices vêm sendo mantidos durante dois anos em uma empresa do estado de São Paulo, que produz 1000 baterias por mês. Além disso, foi desenvolvido um lacre à base de chumbo que ao ser utilizado nos vasos das baterias durante a sua formação, suprimiu em 97,5% o arraste do ácido sulfúrico para a atmosfera. Finalmente, foi elaborado um processo para tratamento de efluentes liquidos que gera gesso como subproduto e possibilita a reutilização... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work presents the development of two alternative methods to recycle lead. Alkaline Fuson and Electrohydrometallurgic. Both also offer the possibility to recover other chemical elements that normally are lost as waste. From raw materials such as scrap lead-acid batteries, waste and other sources containing lead, the Alkaline Fusion method yields 92% to 99% of recovering of lead having a purity of 99.74%. Using the Electrohydrometallurgic process, the recovery is 94% of lead of 99.99% purity. It must be emphasized that the generated wastes by these methods are around 6% to 10% and they are in a chemical form, which allows further recycling of other metals. By the conventional process, the pirometallurgic one, it was obtained 90% of recovering of lead of 98.5% purity. Furthermore, the waste amount is around 25% of the total produced lead, whose composition requires an expensive discarding system (Type 1 system). This work also develops a method for obtaining an additive that ensures the efficient active mass formation for lead-acid batteries plates. The additive, constituted by tetrabasic lead sulphate (4BS), provid higher reversibility for charging/discharging cycles being that the battery lifetine increased two folds and the amount of rejected batteries diminished from 10% to less than 0.5%. Such indices are being held for two years in a company of the São Paulo State, Which produces one thousand batteries in a month. In addition, it was developed a lead based sealing device that, when utilized in battery vessel during its formation suppresses the sulfuric acid released to the atmosphere in 97.5%. Finally, it was advanced a process for liquid effluent treatment that produces plaster, a by-product, and allows the reuse of water, since it contains a low metal content. The utilization of the developed methods by a company in... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Margarida Juri Saeki / Coorientador: Nerilso Bocchi / Banca: Adhemar Colla Ruvolo Filho / Banca: Aguinaldo Robinson de Souza / Banca: Patrício Rodolfo Impinisse / Banca: José Humberto Dias da Silva / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi da Unesp / Doutor

Orientador: Eduardo René Perez Gonzalez / Banca: Carlos Frederico de Oliveira Graeff / Banca: Valtencir Zucolotto / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi da Unesp / Resumo: Na presente dissertação de mestrado apresentam-se estudos de um material polimérico do tipo poli(azo)uretana, chamada aqui de PAzoU, obtida a partir da reação de azocorante com o bis-carbonato cíclico de di-glicidiléter-bis-fenol A. A reação do azocorante possuindo dois agrupamentos 'NH IND. 2' livres com o bis-carbonato conduz à formação da PAzoU, a qual foi caracterizada por ressonância magnética nuclear de carbono 13 ('INTPOT. 13 C' RMN) em solução e na forma de pó e cromatografia de permeação por gel (GPC). Vale ressaltar a importância ecológica e industrial deste processo, uma vez que a poliuretana resultante é livre de isocianato (NIPU, do inglês non-isocyanate polyurethane) e foi obtida a partir da captura e ativação do 'CO IND. 2'. Uma vez caracterizado o polímero, filmes nanoestruturados foram fabricados com o objetivo principal de se investigar a estruturação em nível molecular do polímero nos filmes finos. Tal estruturação, além das características físicas e químicas do material em si, é um fator fundamental nas propriedades óticas e elétricas do filme. A importância do estudo destes materiais na forma de filmes finos justifica-se porque a maioria dos dispositivos eletrônicos de materiais orgânicos é fabricada tendo o filme fino como elemento transdutor de sinal. Três diferentes tipos de filmes finos foram estudados: filmes de Langmuir, filmes de Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) e filmes evaporados (ou PVD, do inglês physical vapor deposition). Os filmes de Langmuir, estudados na forma de monocamadas na interface ar/água, foram caracterizados por isotermas de pressão de superfície vs área molecular média (isotermas 'pi'-A) variando-se diferentes parâmetros: solventes para a dissolução do polímero, testes de estabilidade, curvas de histereses, velocidade de compressão das moléculas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work is related to the results of the study of a polymeric material in a form of ultrathin films. The studied polymer is a poly(azo)urethane, named PAzoU, obtained by the copolymerization of a diazo(4-aminomethyl-benzylamine) with the cyclic bis-carbonate of diglicidilether- bis-phenol A. The final polyurethane is a NIPU, non-isocyanate polyurethane material being remarkable the ecological and industrial role of materials obtained from 'CO IND. 2' capture and activation. The PAzoU was characterized by carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance ('INTPOT. 13 C' RMN) in solution and in solid state, and by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Once the polymer was characterized, nanostructured films were fabricated for investigating the polymer structuration at molecular level. Such structuration, in addition to the physical and chemical characteristics of the material itself, plays an important role on the film optical and electrical properties. In fact, most of the organic electronic devices are fabricated with the signal transducer element as a thin film. This justifies the importance of the study of the polymeric materials in the thin film form. The films have been studied in the monomolecular form by the langmuir technique on the air/water interface. The PAzoU has been characterized by isotherms of surface pressure vs mean molecular area ('pi'-A isotherm). The influence of the solvent has been investigated and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was chosen as the most appropriate for 'pi'-A isotherm experiments. Hence, other experiments were carried out using DMF as solvent: stability tests, hysteresis curves, compression speed of the molecules, and mixed films produced using stearic acid (SA). Afterwards the Langmuir films were transferred onto solid substrate forming Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films, which were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

In this paper, a state of charge (SOC) and a state of health (SOH) estimation method for lead-acid batteries are presented. In the algorithm the measurements of battery’s terminal voltage, current and temperature are used in the process of SOC calculation. The thesis was written in cooperation with Micropower AB. The algorithm was designed to fulfill the specific requirements of the electric vehicles application: an error below 5% of SOC, computational simplicity and the possibility of being implemented in a basic programming languages. The current used method at Micropower, Coulomb counting, is compared with a method presented by Chiasson and Vairamohan 2005 based on modified Thevein circuit during charging and discharging of the battery. The Thevenin based method gave better result compared to Coulomb counting but seems not to fulfill Micropowers requirements. A correction method based on periods of no charging or discharging, possible to be used together with Coulomb counting as well as with the Thevenin method was developed. The evaluation method indicates that when using also the correction method the Micropowers requirements are fulfilled. / I detta papper, är ett laddningstillstånd (SOC) och hälsotillstånd (SOH) skattningsmetod för blybatterier presenteras. I algoritmen mätningarna av batteriets polspänning, ström och temperatur används i processen för SOC beräkning. Avhandlingen är skriven i samarbete med Micropower AB. Algoritmen har utformats för att uppfylla de särskilda kraven för elektriska fordon: ett fel under 5% av SOC, computational enkelhet och möjligheten att genomföras i ett grundläggande programmeringsspråk. Den nuvarande metoden vid Micropower, Coulomb räkning, jämförs med en metod som presenteras av Chiasson och Vairamohan 2005 baserad på modifierad Thevein kretsen under laddning och urladdning av batteriet.

The lead-acid batteries are the most commonly used electrochemical power sources and are the oldest type of secondary battery cells. This master thesis provides a short introduction to the lead-acid batteries. It shows possible ways of sorting from different points of view, describes construction of lead-acid batteries, parameters of lead-acid batteries and electrochemical and physical reactions inside the battery. Futher the thesis deals with pulse charging of lead-acid batteries. The thesis describes the production of a set of experimental electrodes for electrochemical workplace resources. The thesis introduces the develepment environment Agilent VEE PRO and demonstrates its capabilities. The final part of this thesis are experiments focusing on the pulse charging using negative current pulses and evaluate the effect of different pulse modes on cells.

This project deals with the design and realisation of a set that will work as a power supply point with electricity generated from renewable energy sources. The theoretical part deals with information about renewable energy sources and energy storage options. In the practical part, a mobile kit for powering variable message traffic signs is designed. It uses photovoltaic panels and stores energy in a lead-acid battery. A methanol fuel cell is used for backup power. The device is adapted for use in road traffic and meets the requirements of the relevant authorities. To verify the stability of the structure, there were performed static calculations, which proved the ability of the device to withstand wind stress. Part of the work was to draw a complete production documentation, which was used to create a test sample. Long-term measurements of energy flows in the system were performed on that sample. These measurements confirmed the ability of the device to operate autonomously and the possibility of using it for the required purpose.

The lead-acid batteries are the most commonly used electrochemical power sources and are the oldest type of secondary battery cells. This master thesis provides a short introduction to the lead-acid batteries and shows possible ways of sorting from different points of view. Thesis describes construction of lead-acid batteries, parameters of lead-acid batteries, electrochemical and physical reactions inside the battery. Futher the thesis deals with pulse charging of lead-acid batteries. In the next part of the thesis is described the production of a set of experimental electrodes for electrochemical workplace resources. The final part of this thesis are experiments focusing on the pulse charging using negative current pulses and evaluate the effect of different pulse modes on cells.

This diploma thesis is focused on design of lead acid baterry charger. First chapters describes the charging and discharging principes. This paper also shows basics types of lead acid batteries, their distribution depends on maintenance and part connected to the processes connected to the charging and discharging of the acumulators. Following part is focused on theoretical design of the charger with set up of parameters. Diploma thesis also contains comparsion of requested and real parameters of the charger.

This Master’s thesis deals with the issue of lead-acid batteries, which are used in hybrid electric vehicles. The lead-acid batteries works in mode PSoC. In this mode occurs to degradation mechanisms at negative electrodes. These degradation mechanisms reduce the battery life. The practical part of Master’s thesis describes the production and a compilation of experimental cells and experimental part examines the characteristics of lead-acid batteries with the pressure to the electrode system.