published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Science in Information Technology in Education

published_or_final_version / abstract / Education / Master / Master of Education

published_or_final_version / abstract / Education / Master / Master of Education

This research explores the leadership constructs of global leaders and Chinese managers in multi-national corporations (MNCs) in order to understand whether their constructs are misaligned, and if so, in what ways. To address these questions, data was gathered via repertory grid test interviews with 31 global leaders and 59 Chinese managers in six MNCs’ China organizations. Analysis subsequently revealed that global leaders rely upon twelve key constructs to define global leadership capability and potential. These are: creative, drive to improve, communication skill, collaborative style, charisma, professional knowledge and experience, visionary, cross culture, flexibility, confidence, team development and emotional intelligence. Crucially however, half of the global leaders’ key constructs were not identified as important to Chinese managers; furthermore, most of the missing constructs resonate with charismatic and transformational leadership characteristics, indicating a gap between the two groups’ leadership concepts. Subsequently, both groups of leaders’ leadership constructs were compared with their respective companies’ Leadership Competency Frameworks. The results again revealed gaps, suggesting reliance upon headquarter-developed leadership frameworks to communicate leadership expectations and develop local leaders is either deficient, or inappropriate. The global leaders and Chinese managers’ perspectives on Chinese managers’ career barriers were also explored, with the evidence indicating that perceptions of both groups are influenced by their own cultural assumptions. As the global leaders’ perspectives aligned with their own leadership constructs but Chinese managers were not aware of the importance of those constructs, it seems to support the contention that a bias may exist when global leaders evaluate Chinese managers’ leadership capability and potential.

Luk, Ching Yuen. / Thesis submitted in: November 2007. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 251-281). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.viii / Table of Contents --- p.xi / Abbreviations --- p.xvii / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Background Information about E-government --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- Current E-govemnient Literature and Research Gaps --- p.1 / Chapter 1.4 --- Research Questions of This Study --- p.4 / Chapter 1.5 --- The Layout of This Study --- p.5 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Literature Review on E- Government --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- Background on E-government --- p.7 / Chapter 2.3 --- Definitions of E-government and E-government Stage Models --- p.8 / Chapter 2.4 --- Literature Review --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- The Studies of E-government Websites --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- The Studies of E-government Services --- p.16 / Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- The Importance of Studying E-government Services --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- The Studies of E-government in Asia --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4.3.1 --- The Importance of Studying E-government in Asia --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.3.1.1 --- The First Reason: Local Variations Between Western and Asian Countries --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.3.1.2 --- The Second Reason: Outstanding E-government Performance of the Four “Little Dragons´ح in Asia --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4.3.2 --- The Importance of Studying Hong Kong E-government --- p.34 / Chapter 2.5 --- Conclusion --- p.40 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- The Development of Hong Kong E-Government --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2 --- Background on the Rise of E-government Worldwide --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Government Information Technology Initiatives in the Colonial Era --- p.42 / Chapter 3.4 --- The Development of E-Government in the HKSAR --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Three “Digital 21´ح IT Strategy Documents --- p.47 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Institutional Arrangements for the Development of E-Government --- p.50 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Categories of E-Government Projects --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4.3.1 --- The Category of Government-to-Business (G2B) --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4.3.2 --- The Category of Government-to-Employee (G2E) --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4.3.3 --- The Category of Government-to-Government (G2G) --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4.3.4 --- The Category of Government-to-Citizen (G2C) --- p.56 / Chapter 3.5 --- The Performance of the Hong Kong E-government --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Local Measurements --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.1.1 --- The Measurement of E-government Programme: Realizable Savings and Notional Benefits --- p.62 / Chapter 3.5.1.2 --- The Measurement of GIC Portal: the Total Number of Page Views and the Average Monthly Page Views --- p.62 / Chapter 3.5.1.3 --- "The Measurement of the ESD Scheme: the Target for Providing E-option for 90% of Public Services, the Number of Hit, the Number of E-government Transactions, and the Take-up Rate of ESD Services" --- p.63 / Chapter 3.5.1.4 --- The Household Opionion Survey on E-Government --- p.65 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- International Benchmarking --- p.66 / Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- Accenture Reports: The Measurement of E-government Leadership --- p.66 / Chapter 3.5.2.2 --- Taylor Nelson Sofres: The Study of Government Online (GO) --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5.2.3 --- Brown University: Global E-government Survey --- p.68 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- International Awards --- p.68 / Chapter 3.6 --- Problems about Current Measurements of the Performance of E-government --- p.68 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Local Measurement: the Problem about Realizable Savings and Notional Benefits --- p.69 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Local Measurement: the Problem about E-option and the Number of Online Public Services --- p.70 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Local Measurement: the Problem about Hit Rate --- p.72 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- The Disadvantages of Current Local Measurements --- p.73 / Chapter 3.6.5 --- What the International Measurements Cannot Tell --- p.73 / Chapter 3.7 --- Conclusion --- p.75 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Theoretical Framework --- p.77 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2 --- Research Questions of This Study --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Theoretical Framework of Leadership and Stakeholders --- p.79 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- The Theoretical Framework of Leadership --- p.79 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- The Definition of Leadership --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Leadership versus Management --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- Leadership Theories --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- The Theory of Stakeholders --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4 --- The Success/ Failure of E-government Services --- p.88 / Chapter 4.5 --- Research Hypotheses --- p.90 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Leadership --- p.90 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Stakeholders --- p.98 / Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.111 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Research Design and Data --- p.112 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.112 / Chapter 5.2 --- Research Methodology: Comparative Case Studies --- p.113 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Reasons for Choosing E-stamping Service of IRD and Online Application for Renewal of Vehicle Licence Service of TD as Case Studies --- p.114 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- The First Reason: Limited Counter Services Being Put Online --- p.114 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- The Second Reason: Having Different Leadership and Stakeholders --- p.119 / Chapter 5.3 --- The Conduction of Comparative Case Studies: Data Collection --- p.119 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Documentation --- p.120 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Archival Records --- p.122 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Direct observation --- p.123 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Interviews --- p.124 / Chapter 5.4 --- The Methodology for Studying the Data: Content Analysis --- p.125 / Chapter 5.5 --- The Operationalization of Hypotheses --- p.128 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Operationalizing the Concept of Leadership --- p.128 / Chapter 5.5.1.1 --- Articulating and Promoting Acceptance of Vision and Strategy --- p.128 / Chapter 5.5.1.2 --- Facilitating the Development of E-government Service and Structuring Implementation Effectively --- p.129 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Operationalizing the Concept of Stakeholders --- p.130 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Operationalizing the Concept of Service Quality of E-government Services --- p.131 / Chapter 5.6 --- Results of Data Collection --- p.132 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Documentation --- p.132 / Chapter 5.6.1.1 --- Documents of the Legislative Council --- p.132 / Chapter 5.6.1.2 --- Publications and Press Releases from the Websites of IRD and TD --- p.133 / Chapter 5.6.1.3 --- Newspaper Clippings --- p.134 / Chapter 5.6.1.4 --- University Libraries --- p.134 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Archival Records --- p.134 / Chapter 5.6.3 --- Direct Observation --- p.135 / Chapter 5.6.4 --- Interviews --- p.136 / Chapter 5.7 --- Conclusion --- p.138 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Research Findings --- p.139 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.139 / Chapter 6.2 --- Research Findings --- p.145 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- E-stamping Service --- p.145 / Chapter 6.2.1.1 --- Leadership of IRD --- p.145 / Chapter 6.2.1.2 --- Stakeholders of IRD --- p.157 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Online Application for Renewal of Vehicle Licence Service --- p.167 / Chapter 6.2.2.1 --- Leadership of TD --- p.167 / Chapter 6.2.2.2 --- Stakeholders of TD --- p.178 / Chapter 6.3 --- Conclusion --- p.182 / Chapter Chapter 7: --- "Discussion, Implications and Conclusion" --- p.185 / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.185 / Chapter 7.2 --- Discussion and Implications --- p.187 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- About Leadership --- p.188 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- About Stakeholders --- p.191 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- The Intertwined Relationship between Leader and Stakeholders --- p.194 / Chapter 7.2.4 --- The Debate of Local Variations Between Western and Asian Countries/ --- p.198 / Chapter 7.3 --- Conclusion and Future Studies --- p.198 / Appendices --- p.201 / Appendix 2.1 Distribution of Articles about E-government Websites and E-government Services in 11 Journals of Public Administration and Information Systems and Communication (2002-2006) --- p.201 / "Appendix 2.2 Number of E-government Articles on Western Countries, Asian Countries, and Comparative Studies Incorporating Asian Countries in 11 Journals of Public Administration and Information Systems and Communication (2002-2006)" --- p.205 / Appendix 2.3 Details of E-government Articles in 11 Journals of Public Administration and Information Systems and Communication (2002-2006) --- p.207 / Appendix 2.4 The Booklist of E-government and the Categories of Books about E-government --- p.211 / "Appendix 2.5 The Survey Result of Journal Articles about E-government in the Four “Little Dragons""" --- p.217 / Appendix 3.1 List of Home Pages of Departments/Branches and Government Related Organizations Up to July 5，1996 --- p.218 / Appendix 3.2 The 1998 “Digital 21 Strategy´ح： 18 Initiatives in Four Areas --- p.219 / Appendix 3.3 The 2001 “Digital 21 Strategy´ح： 23 Initiatives in Five Key Result Areas (KRAs) --- p.220 / Appendix 3.4 The 2004 “Digital 21 Strategy´ح： 45 Initiatives in Eight Main Areas --- p.221 / Appendix 3.5 A List of 22 Relevant Papers on the Development of E-government (1998-2006)/ --- p.223 / Appendix 3.6 E-government Services Provided by Ten Government Departments and Agencies under the First Phase of the Electronic Service Delivery Scheme --- p.227 / Appendix 3.7 Breakdown of the Per Year Savings Generated from the Computerization Projects in Various Stages of Funding in 2001-02 --- p.229 / Appendix 3.8 Usage of some Representative ESD Services --- p.230 / "Appendix 3.9 Focus, Methodology, and Research Findings of International E-government Reports" --- p.231 / Appendix 3.10 Illustration on Setting E-government Target --- p.236 / Appendix 3.11 50 Most Popular and Frequently Used Public Services Provided With An E-option --- p.237 / "Appendix 3.12 Comparison Data for Hits, Page Views and Visitor Sessions (6 months)" --- p.239 / Appendix 4.1 Stakeholder Definitions Arranged in Chronological Order --- p.240 / Appendix 4.2 Shareholder Groups in the Three Case Studies --- p.245 / Appendix 5.1 Flow Chart for Existing Stamping Process´ؤTenancy Agreement --- p.246 / Appendix 5.2 Flow Chart for Existing Stamping Process´ؤOther Documents (Including Lease) --- p.247 / Appendix 5.3 The Flow Chart for Existing Stamping Process´ؤ Property Transfer Documents --- p.248 / Appendix 5.4 The Interview Schedule --- p.249 / "Appendix 6.1 Total Number of Instruments Stamped, Number of Stamped Documents Per Post, and Average Number of Callers Per Day at the Stamp Office" --- p.250 / Bibliography --- p.251

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

With specific reference to junior secondary schools in Shanghai, China, this qualitative empirical study examines the dynamics and complexities of leadership in school and, in particular, citizenship education exercised by principals and school party secretaries (SPSs), who are de facto equally-ranked school leaders. Specifically, it examines, from a macro- and micro-political theoretical perspective, the interactions between these two types of school leaders, and how they respond to the demands of various school stakeholders, including macro-political actors (e.g., the state) and micro-political actors (e.g., other school leaders, teachers, students and parents), at the school level. Data were gathered from document analysis, non-participant observation and semi-structured interviews with 44 school leaders from 24 schools and two educational officials in Shanghai, conducted in 2011. This study has four major findings. First, in addition to the leadership responsibilities inherent to their particular portfolios, the interviewed principals and SPSs were also politically and administratively responsible for leading the school and citizenship education, and struggled to balance these (at times conflicting) responsibilities. Second, there were four major school leadership/citizenship education scenarios in which principals and SPSs were torn between faithfully executing state policy demands, adapting those demands to suit the specific needs and conditions of their school, pursuing their professional autonomy, and addressing the interests of different micro-political actors. Third, principals and SPSs enjoyed a complicated working relationship at the micro-political (school) level in which they collaborated to fulfill their responsibilities and respond to school macro- and micro-political actors, while simultaneously competing for power over school leadership and citizenship education. Fourth, principals’ and SPSs’ leadership in school and citizenship education was shaped by inter-related factors, including diverse influences in a multi-leveled world, the integration of politics and education, the demands of macro- and micro-political actors, and personal factors. To interpret these findings, this study proposes a theoretical framework for understanding leadership in school and citizenship education in China as a political exercise in which school leaders actively use their influence and resources to lead and administer school and citizenship education, resist other school leaders’ (at times contradictory) administrative and political responsibilities, and interact with and mediate between the interests of various actors at the macro- and micro-political levels in response to political, economic and social needs. This theoretical framework is useful for understanding the complexity of school and citizenship education leadership, the micro-political relationship between Chinese principals and SPSs, and their dynamic and complex interactions with macro- and micro-political actors as they fulfill their intertwined political and administrative responsibilities in school leadership and citizenship education. / published_or_final_version / Education / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education