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The subject of this thesis is the Roman civil trial before a single judge. This study was prompted by a recent archaeological discovery of great importance. The discovery of a municipal charter in Spain from the first century A.D. has revealed an enormous amount of detailed information on how a lawsuit during the classical period passed through its various stages, a subject on which previously we were very poorly informed. This thesis examines the new material in an effort to learn how a trial commenced and how a judge brought it to a close. The first half of the thesis discusses intertium, an institution previously unknown. It is suggested that intertium was a device by which a person selected to serve as judge was examined for suitability. The examination was undertaken immediately before the trial, to ensure that the lawsuit would not be suspended or fail for want of a judge. The second half of the thesis discusses adjournment and judgement. The new evidence suggests that the pertinent rules took great care to distinguish a judge's failure to serve from the proper suspension of the trial by adjournment. A judge might therefore negotiate the rules with little difficulty, and bring the trial to judgement without incurring liability himself for failure to serve.

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No description available.

A central debate in jurisprudence concerns the nature of the judicial obligation in 'hard' cases ones that turn on con- tested points of law. The legal positivists hold that judges have to exercise a discretionary power, not ultimately constrained by law, to decide such cases. Ronald Dworkin has argued that the decision of such cases is determined by law: judges must apply a 'soundest theory' which explains and morally justifies the existing law. Positivists respond that 'wicked' legal systems ones which are the instrument of a repugnant moral ideology are a counterexample to Dworkin. I set out this debate and then evaluate these rival positions in a case study of judicial interpretation in the South African legal system, which is the standard example of a wicked one. I argue that, in the historical and political context of a the South African legal system (Ch.2), the first part of the study (Chs.3,4,5) shows that positivist ideas not only fail to assist judges in a wicked legal system, but make things worse. I argue that the rest of the study (Chs.6,7,) shows how judges do better who adopt the advice that Dworkin gives. I also suggest that their approach can only be stop- ped at the cost of great damage to a legal system and that this should lead us to take seriously ideas put forward by Lon Fuller.

The topic of this work is aimed at description of the legal systems of China, Japan and India. It focuses in detail on description of chosen aspects of contemporary commercial law in those three countries. A method of historical and regional comparison is used. The main aim of this work is to give summarized study about the given issues and highlight similarities and differences among legal systems of China, Japan and India.

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No description available.

À la différence de ce qui caractérise l’ordre juridique international général, le système juridique communautaire définit singulièrement les rapports entre son système et celui de ses États membres. En effet, la Cour de justice consacre le principe d’immédiateté de la norme européenne, ce qui indique qu’elle est valide dans les systèmes juridiques nationaux. En conséquence, et en premier lieu, la Cour pose le principe de primauté qui est une règle de conflit selon laquelle la norme juridique européenne prévaut sur la norme nationale. En second lieu, la Cour part du postulat selon lequel l’ensemble des normes européennes sont revêtues de l’effet direct, ce qui signifie que les droits contenus dans ces dernières intègrent directement le patrimoine juridique des particuliers, et sont donc invocables à l’encontre, notamment, des pouvoirs publics. Le triptyque immédiateté/primauté/effet direct nous porte à nous situer dans un espace normatif unique où coexistent de façon a priori harmonieuse les normes européennes et nationales. Or, cela n’est pas systématique. La singularité des rapports de systèmes Union/États membres se caractérise par la place croissante des individus dans la construction européenne. Bien qu’ils soient bénéficiaires du pacte conclu entre les États membres, ils sont désormais partie prenante à celui-ci, comme l’atteste le statut de citoyen de l’Union, issu du traité sur l’Union. Par conséquent, le caractère tripartite de ce pacte impose de repenser la construction du système juridique, à l’aune de la place qui est faite à l’individu. Dans cette optique, l’objet de notre étude est de démontrer que la construction du système juridique de l’Union a ce dernier pour centre de gravité l’individu. La première partie de l’étude est basée sur une perspective d’identification et de construction de la place de l’individu-humain dans le système juridique de l’Union. En premier lieu, l’identification résulte de l’interprétation authentique, faite par la Cour de justice, des valeurs à la base du pacte entre États membres : l’égalité et la solidarité. Le relais a été pris par les rédacteurs des traités, par l’insertion du statut de citoyen de l’Union, tel qu’il est interprété par la Cour de justice. De ce mouvement de va-et-vient, il résulte, en second lieu, qu’une place toujours plus croissante de l’individu est consacrée dans ce système, ce qui génère une constitutionnalisation du système juridique de l’Union. La seconde partie a pour objet d’examiner la place de l’individu dans l’émergence d’un système juridique élargi dans les rapports entre l’Union et ses États membres. Dans un premier temps, la constitutionnalisation du système juridique de l’Union nécessite que ses normes et ses institutions soient reconnues comme légitimes, tant par les États que par les individus. Ce besoin accru de légitimité renforce la place de l’individu dans les rapports verticaux de systèmes qui est assouvi par la protection des droits fondamentaux. Or, en second lieu, la compréhension d’un système juridique élargi résulte d’une analyse du fonctionnement du couple Cour de justice-juridictions nationales. / Unlike what characterizes the general international legal order, the European legal system singularly defines the relationship between its system and the one of its Member States. Indeed, the Court of Justice embodies the principle of immediacy of the European standard, which indicates its validity in the national legal systems. Accordingly, and in the first place, the Court establishes the principle of primacy which is a conflict rule where the European legal standard prevails overt he national standard.Second, the Court starts from the premise that all European standards have a direct effect, which means that they directly integrate the legal heritage of individuals, and can be invoked against, public authorities. The triptych immediacy / primacy /direct effect leads us to consider ourselves in a single normative space where European and national standards coexist inharmony. However, this is not systematic. The particular relationship Union / Member States' systems is characterized by thein creasing role of the individuals in the European construction. Despite the fact that they benefit from the Member Statespact, they are now part of it, as the status of citizen of the Union resulting from the Treaty on European Union can prove.Therefore, the tripartite nature of this pact enforces rethinking the construction of the legal system, considering the place given to the individual. In this context, the topic of our study consist to demonstrate that the individual is the center of gravity of the construction of the Union legal system.The first part of the study is based on a perspective of identification and construction of the place of the individual-human in the Union legal system. First, the identification results from the interpretation of the Court of Justice based on the values which constitute the basis of the pact between the Member States : equality and solidarity. The relay was taken by the European constituent, through the insertion of the status of citizen of the Union, as interpreted by the Court of Justice. From this movement back and forth follows secondly, that the individual place enshrined in this system with an increasing importance, which generates a constitutionalisation of the legal system of the Union.The second part is to consider the place of the individual in the emergence of a legal system expanded in the relationships between the Union and its Member States. Initially, the constitutionalisation of the EU legal system requires a recognition and legitimation of its standards and its institutions both by states and by individuals. This increased need for legitimacy strengthens the place of the individual in the vertical reporting systems which is done by the protection of fundamental rights.Secondly, the understanding of a broader legal system results from an analysis of the relation between the Court of Justice and the national jurisdictions.

This study is primarily concerned with the theory of Islamic banking and its practice in Bangladesh, and shari’ah and its four sources forming the basis of Islamic banking are discussed at length. The research seeks to: analyse the theoretical foundations of Islamic baking and practice in Bangladesh; examine areas of similarity and differences between the structure and practices of Islamic banking and conventional banks; and identify the problems, challenges and prospects of Islamic banking in Bangladesh. The dissertation examines primary and secondary sources and draws on fieldwork in Bangladesh and the author’s personal experiences. The study undertaken shows that over the years there has been an expansion of Islamic banking in Bangladesh. Islamic banks are competing successfully with their conventional counterparts in an environment where rules, regulations and regulatory bodies are designed to facilitate banking based on interest. At the same time it has become apparent that the profit and loss sharing framework, which is one of the cardinal principles of Islamic banking, has yet to take deep root. The current profitability of Islamic banks is often maintained by products and services, which on closer analysis resemble broadly the products of conventional banking. It is thus suggested that more in depth research should be undertaken by Islamic bankers and scholars to study products and services of conventional banking with a view to adapting them successfully to the tenets of shari’ah. / Master of Laws (Hons)