The rapid urbanization of land and the associated growth of the 'city' have created an unprecedented demand for living and work space throughout this country and the world. The problems that are arising from this process should be examined. Sign proliferation is one of the factors contributing towards the overall effect on the character of the city. The main controversies have centred around sign appearance and location based on their presumed ugliness and effect on their surroundings. Private advertising zeal, or misplaced public priorities are often the cause of these physical problems, which lead to public and private conflicts of interest. The basic aim of the thesis is to examine sign regulation in order to determine its effect on the urban environment, as well as analyse the problems of physical appearance, public and private interests and other resulting problems of regulation. The basic assumptions taken for the study are: it is desirable for man to seek and demand an environment which will contribute towards his well-being; the concept of the public interest is both valid and useful; and planning in the form of sign regulation is useful and possible in our society, with some optimum is possible. As a basis for this investigation it is hypothesized that - The aesthetic purpose of sign regulation results in a conflict of public and private interests, that is being resolved by the adoption of diverse municipal sign regulations.- With the assumptions in mind, the investigation comprised a review of the literature, which was most useful for the establishment of techniques and general requirements for an effective environment, as well as information from a questionnaire directed to several cities in Canada which have undertaken sign regulatory measures with the ensuing problems. The hypothesis is examined specifically through the use of sign legislation of several cities and municipalities in British Columbia. The City of Victoria B.C., one of the cities studied, exhibited many of the typical problems encountered when stricter control over signs is attempted. The process of adopting sign regulation, amidst public and private interests, is aptly illustrated by this example. Another City, Ottawa, Ontario, displayed many of the same problems. Here, sign regulation, as one of the ingredients of a beautification scheme, contributed much to the pedestrian atmosphere and urban environment, as well as showing the relation of improved sign regulation to an overall program of environmental improvement. The most significant observation in the study was the variation in contents of sign ordinances. The many types of regulations presently in use, leads to the conclusion that sign regulation today is complex, with many problems still unsolved. Sign control applied by local government presently could be any level that is achieved in light of the ensuing problems within the community. The basic recommendations are that local government and private interests collaborate to achieve the desired objective. Although this joint effort may lead to diverse regulations, the ultimate goal should be controlling the direction of the developing environment. This can be obtained in part by controlling and regulating signs. Local government, through its delegated power to control street furnishings in the public right-of-way should provide the atmosphere and leadership necessary so that private enterprise may from time to time initiate actions for urban improvement. Subject to the limitations placed on the study, the hypothesis is considered valid. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The present study is designed to examine the structure and development of international and Canadian laws which attempt to regulate the ocean disposal of toxic waste by at-sea incineration. It begins by describing some of the hazardous wastes which are creating dangerous environmental problems in Canada and other nations, by introducing the reader to the types of toxic materials subject to incineration and dumping at sea, and to the nature of the hazards these materials create. With this background in mind, the historical development of ocean dumping laws is then described, beginning with the major international treaties that presently regulate dumping activities. The Canadian laws, which emerged in order to implement the international treaty obligations, are then examined, together with an outline of how these laws are actually administered in the Canadian constitutional and political context. Emerging political strategies to improve the management and disposal of toxic waste are examined, including the increased use of incineration technology. The actual use and legal regulation of ocean incineration is then described, in an attempt to determine whether this type of ocean disposal is a useful and controllable waste management option. Current Canadian policy and legal proposals on ocean incineration are examined in light of ongoing international controversy over the advisability of its use as a waste management strategy. The study examines several jurisdictional, economic, scientific, and political problems which, in the Canadian context, cast doubt upon the ability of government to obtain either public acceptance of ocean incineration, or adequate legal control over at-sea incineration operations. In particular, the relevant legal, political and administrative decision-making processes are reviewed, to identify areas in which improvements are needed. It is concluded that government should move away from incremental law and policy formation, and start to experiment with new forms of decision-making processes, in order to deal with such complex and difficult issues. It is recommended that the government seek to respond in new and innovative ways to these problems. Resolving the question of the desirability of ocean incineration is seen as a possible "pilot project" to test the ability of Canadian legal and political institutions to meet the future challenges posed by such environmental issues. The policies and legislation discussed in the study are reported as of June 30, 1988. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

This study traces the growth of the Sabbatarian lobby in Canada. Limited to sporadic and ephemeral groups during the nineteenth century, Sabbatarianism became organized in response to the appearance of the Sunday street car in the early 1890s. This issue precipitated the formation of an aggressive lobby, the Ontario Lord's Day Alliance. Owing to a succession of judicial decisions handed down concerning the Sunday car, the Ontario Alliance found itself balked in its pursuit of provincial Sabbath observance legislation. As a consequence, it expanded in the early 1900s into a national lobby, the Lord's Day Alliance of Canada, in order to pressure the federal government. As the Alliance developed an increasing awareness of the requisites of successful lobbying, it improved and broadened its techniques: first, by presenting the Sabbatarian aim as a social rather than a moral reform; second, by forging a temporary alliance with organized labour; third, by developing new campaigning methods such as a membership and a press campaign; finally, by persuading the Laurier Liberal government that the Alliance had the support of the two major groups within Canadian society. Throughout its campaign, the Alliance maintained a cohesive organization and pressured the government on all fronts -- two key determinants to a lobby's success within the Canadian political system. Political success came to the Alliance when the French Catholic church, for its own reasons, decided to support the campaign for Sabbath observance legislation. Convinced that he was effecting a compromise acceptable to both English and French, Laurier agreed to introduce a Lord's Day bill in 19 06. The subsequent debates forced Laurier to modify his position in the face of unexpected French Canadian hostility. The Alliance's lobbying inside Parliament was markedly less effective than it had been outside. Although a truncated version of the bill became law, the Alliance failed to turn a political victory into a moral triumph. After five years' ardent pursuit of law enforcement, it became apparent that social legislation did not guarantee a reform of Canadian morals. Canadian Sabbatarianism was one of many responses to vast social and economic change in the period leading up to the First World War. The particular solution advocated by Sabbatarians was the reform of society's ills through the reform of the individual's morals. This ideal had little contact with the realities of an emerging urban and industrial society; it had little relevance to the working class need for recreation other than church-going on the week's one day of leisure. Studies of crusades for moral reform legislation demand discussion because restrictions on recreation affected larger; groups more directly than did legislation concerning factory hours or poor relief. The study of moral and social reform groups is attracting the attention of increasing numbers of Canadian his torians, while the study of pressure group activity is attracting that of political scientists. Based on a theoretical framework provided by David Truman and Neil Smelser, the core of my analysis consisted of a detailed examination of the papers of the Lord's Day Alliance of Canada, its allies, and the key politicians involved; the legislation passed at all levels of government; and the numerous judicial decisions concerning Sabbath observance. It is hoped that the study of the Sabbatarian lobby, its transformation from a single issue group to a more institutionalized group, its shift from traditional nine-' . teenth century techniques to more sophisticated methods of lobbying, its political success in 1906 and subsequent failures, will contribute an historical dimension to the debate concerning the relationship between pressure groups and the policy-making process in Canada. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

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Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Graduate Dentistry, 1979 (Dental Public Health). / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 38-39). / Every year thousands of bills are considered for legislative action in Massachusetts. The purpose of this study is to do a descriptive analysis of all dental bills submitted to the Massachusetts General Court in 1979. This will be accomplished by classifying each bill by subject matter. A select number of bills, which are considered to be significant by the investigator will be followed through the legislative process. The projected outcome of the project will be to give an account of the number, type, and resolution of dental bills filed in the 1979 legislative session.

After the arrest of Augusto Pinochet more than a decade ago, universal jurisdiction was a political and legal reality and became a white hot subject of global controversy. Universal jurisdiction was hailed as one of the magic bullets in the campaign against impunity. Universal jurisdiction is the doctrine that allows any country to punish certain egregious crimes, regardless of wherever or by whomever they have been committed, even if it has no direct connection with the offense and there is an absence of the traditional grounds for jurisdiction. However Schabas rightly indicate that universal jurisdiction past is mysterious and its future uncertain. Some say there is decline of universal jurisdiction or even state that there is a demise of universal jurisdiction. Still some other commentators assert that universal jurisdiction simply does not exist. There are those who view the broadening of the scope of universal jurisdiction with extreme skepticism. The critics fear for the slippery slope which could lead to a radical and dangerous encroachment on the sovereignty of nations. Today there are those that see a “backlash” or “downtrend” in the movement for universal jurisdiction especially after the Arrest Warrant case. It is stated that the universal jurisdiction movement appears to be a moving train without its locomotive. Maybe it only lost some of its steam. On the other hand NGO’s assert that there is no question of the growing practice of states in regard to universal jurisdiction and the principle is supposed to be uncontested. Over exaggerated statements expressing support for universal jurisdiction are often found. Notwithstanding that Prof Schabas state that universal jurisdiction is an ideal subject for research; he has nevertheless opined that universal jurisdiction generates more heat than light. Many of the reports describe universal jurisdiction as important component in the struggle against impunity. According to him it is, but a small component or as stated by Bottini: “its application remains negligible.” Schabas is of the opinion that international tribunals and truth commissions seem a better investment for scarce resources. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Public Law / unrestricted

i.i Research question The purpose of this dissertation is to examine whether South Africa’s approach to the taxation of ordinary partnerships flows clearly from its legal recognition thereof, or whether further clarity is needed from South Africa’s fiscal legislation i.ii Background and research method Peculiarities inherent in South Africa’s taxation of ordinary partnerships versus the legal nature of a partnership, is discussed in detail with reference to a comparison of the local treatment of foreign legal and tax systems. The legal systems of the United Kingdom, Ireland and the United States of America, have evolved out of the same common law as is recognised in South Africa, and so have already dealt with the issues illustrated in this dissertation, namely: Legally, partners own the assets of the partnership in joint and undivided shares. For tax purposes, however, each partner is treated as having a fractional interest in the assets of the partnership. The two approaches are different and give rise to an analysis as to how our tax legislation achieves conformity. Legally, when a partner 'joins’ or leaves a partnership, there is a legal dissolution of the partnership, and thereby a disposal by each partner of his or her share in the underlying assets. In tax, a disposal is likely to give rise to income and/or capital gain considerations. In the event that a legal dissolution of a partnership arises, and should the taxation consequences follow, the extent of any concomitant disposal must be determined, and whether any relief (roll-over or recognition of a divided interest) should be provided to such disposals and the subsequent consequences (such as valuation). The evolution of the ordinary commercial partnership is discussed, with particular reference to its use as a regulatory avoidance structure, for example by the circumvention of the usury doctrine. Those characteristics which have survived in the modern-day legal recognition of partnership, in light of their history, contextualise the ensuing discussion as to the necessity, or otherwise, of legislative intervention. One of the tents of a robust legal system which exudes the qualities of the rule of law, is clarity. It is therefore incumbent on Government to address any lack of clarity in the application of the law if adherence to the rule of law is to be upheld. Once it is established that a valid ordinary commercial partnership is constituted, the relevant mechanics flowing from the model, which require legislative clarification are more easily identified. The approaches taken by the foreign jurisdictions considered in this dissertation provide some guidance as to possible methods of addressing and overcoming those legal-versus-tax dichotomies discussed herein. Whether it is necessary for South Africa to reject the aggregate approach in law with harmonious intervention coming from tax legislation, such as the practice in the United States; or whether the aggregate approach be retained subject to clear legal treatment as demonstrated by the UK, remains a question for further research. It is submitted that the UK, Ireland and the US have taken extensive legislative measures to overcome the dichotomy between the legal-versus-tax recognition and treatment of partnerships, and that South Africa might not require such extensive codification. Rather, the specific areas in which the greatest discord exists are discussed in this dissertation, and it is submitted that bespoke intervention, as suggested in the concluding paragraphs of this dissertation, would go far towards achieving legal certainty in this regard. i.iii Findings Section 24H and paragraph 36 of the Eighth Schedule to the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 (“the Act”) deal adequately with the income and capital gains arising during the continuation of a partnership, as well as in the event of a change in the profit and loss sharing ratios of the partners. It is submitted, however, that on the commencement of a partnership, including the introduction of a person to an existing partnership or an asset by a partner into a partnership, and on termination of a partnership or a partner’s interest therein, the legal considerations are not clearly dealt with by existing tax legislation. It is also possible that unbusiness-like results at these tax trigger-points could be avoided with pragmatic legislative intervention.

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of master of Arts (Clinical Psychology) in the Departmnet of Psychology at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2001. / The need to carry out research on attitudes towards people with HIV/AIDS stems from a concern about the increasing hostility and prejudice towards people with HIV/AIDS. The main purpose of this study was to examine the attitudes of tertiary education students towards people with HIV/AIDS. The study also intended to astain whether there are any gender difference in attitude of the sample towards individuals with HIV/AIDS. The questionnaire was administered to 286 students that were attending the University of Zululand. Likert Scale was used to measure the attitudes. The findings of the study was that the general attitude of students of Zululand University towards people with H1V7AIDS was positive. Another finding was that there were no differences between males and females attitude towards people with HTV/A1DS. / Centre for Science Development

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