L’émergence de résistances de Leishmania vis-à-vis de certaines molécules ainsi que le coût élevé des traitements de la leishmaniose constituent une problématique dans les zones d’endémie défavorisées. Le développement de nouvelles molécules efficaces et à bas coût est donc un enjeu majeur dans la prise en charge de cette maladie tropicale négligée. La voie métabolique du furanose présente chez Leishmania, mais complètement absente chez l’Homme, est une voie identifiée comme une cible potentielle. Chez Leishmania, cette voie est associée à la production de plusieurs facteurs de virulence, le LPG, et les GIPLs (espèce-dépendant). L’octyle de galactofuranose, analogue du substrat original a été développé et testé dans le cadre d’un modèle d’infection à Leishmania donovani. In vitro, une efficacité doseindépendante contre la forme amastigote a étédémontrée dans un modèle de macrophages humains. In vivo sur modèle murin infecté, l’oct-galf a montré des effets immunomodulateurs marqués, au-delà d’une activité anti-parasitaire plus modeste. Pour comprendre ces résultats, une nouvelle approche mécanistique a été envisagée. L’intelectin-1 (aussi appelé omentin-1) qui fait l’objet de nombreuses publications, est capable de lier les motifs furanosidiques. Les capacités de cette lectine à modifier les voies métaboliques énergétiques via l’AMPK corrèlent avec les résultats retrouvés dans nos modèles d’étude et suggèrent son implication dans l’effet anti-parasitaire observé. / The emergence of Leishmania resistance against various molecules as well as high cost of treatment of leishmaniasis represent a health problem in endemic developing countries. Development of new molecules, effective and at low-cost, is a key challenge in the management of this neglected disease. Furanose pathway is reported in Leishmania parasites, but is completely absent in Human. It was identified as a potential drug target. InLeishmania, this pathway is associated with production of virulence factors, LPG and GIPLs (species-dependant). Octyl-galactofuranose (oct-galf), an analogue of the original substrate, was developed and evaluate in the context of Leishmania donovani infection. In vitro, a dose-independent efficacy against amastigote form was demonstrated in a human macrophages model. Using a murine model, oct-galf showed strong immunomodulatory effects in vivo, while a moderate anti-parasitic effect. In order to better understand theseresults, a new mechanistic approach was considered. Intelectin-1 (also named omentin- 1) relating to a large number of publications, is able to bind furanosidic moieties. Abilities of this lectin to regulate energetic metabolic pathways via AMPK correlate with results we observed in our models and suggest its involvement in the anti-parasitic effects.

Thèse (Ph. D.) -- Université Laval, 1998. / Bibliogr.: f. 80-101. Publié aussi en version électronique.

Thèse (M.Sc.) -- Université Laval, 1997. / Bibliogr.: f. 67-83. Publ. aussi en version électronique.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université Laval, 2004. / Bibliogr.: f. [172]-233. Publié aussi en version électronique.

Thesis (Ph. D)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-137).

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Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil / A proposta deste trabalho foi estudar algumas das variáveis envolvidas na transmissão da leishmaniose visceral (LV) em oito bairros do município de Sabará (MG). Para o levantamento da fauna de flebotomíneos, influência dos fatores climáticos, identificação de repasto sanguíneo e infecção natural por Leishmania, para isso foram realizadas capturas utilizando armadilhas luminosas do tipo HP, tanto no peri como no intradomicílio, nos seguintes bairros: Alvorada, Novo Alvorada, Alvorada Velho, Bom Retiro, Nova Vista, Casa Branca, Rio Negro e Ana Lúcia, no período de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro 2012. Além desses estudos, foram realizados dois inquéritos caninos censitários nos mesmos bairros, nos anos de 2011 e 2012, para o cálculo da taxa de positividade. Para análises parasitológicas e moleculares, foram selecionados aleatoriamente 50 cães soropositivos para os testes de RIFI e ELISA, que foram eutanasiados e necropsiados para obtenção de amostras de pele, linfonodo mesentérico e baço, além de aspirado de medula óssea. Com essas amostras, foram realizados os testes: exame direto (parasitológico), PCR e mielocultura visando confirmar a infecção e identificar a espécie de Leishmania circulante. A fauna flebotomínica foi constituída de quatro espécies, sendo Lutzomyia longipalpis a mais abundante, totalizando 95,0% dos exemplares capturados. Destes, 23,0% foi capturado no intradomicílio. Verificou-se uma tendência no aumento do número de espécimens após o período chuvoso. Das 28 fêmeas ingurgitadas, 67,9% se alimentaram no homem (Homo sapiens) e 25,0% tiveram como fonte alimentar a ave (Gallus gallus). Nove pools foram utilizados para verificar a infecção natural, destes três se apresentaram positivos e, após sequenciamento de DNA, foi observado que a espécie circulante nos vetores foi Leishmania infantum. A taxa média de infecção canina foi de 4,25% em 2011 e 3,34% em 2012. A positividade das amostras (pele, baço, medula e linfonodo) obtidas dos cães soropositivos foi de 100,0% pela PCR, 76,0% pela mielocultura e 66,0% pelo exame parasitológico direto. Entre os quatro tipos de amostras estudadas, o linfonodo foi o tecido que apresentou maior positividade (98,0%). O sequenciamento de DNA das amostras positivas de linfonodo indicou Le. Infantum como sendo a espécie circulante nos cães do município. Após se correlacionarem os casos humanos, caninos e a presença da espécie Lu. longipalpis, encontrada positiva para Le. infantum, pode-se sugerir que os bairros Alvorada e Nova Vista merecem atenção especial como importantes áreas de risco para LV no município. / The purpose of the present study was to investigate some epidemiological aspects related the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in eight districts of the town of Sabará, in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. We surveyed the local phlebotomine sand fly fauna and the main feeding sources, analyzed the interference of climate variables on the populational fluctuation and verified the rates of natural infection of vector species of VL. The entomological captures were performed with HP light traps, from January 2011 to December 2012, in both intra and peridomiciles of houses located in the following districts of Sabará: Alvorada, Novo Alvorada, Alvorada Velho, Bom Retiro, Nova Vista, Casa Branca, Rio Negro and Ana Lúcia. During our study, the plebotomine sand fly population showed a tendency to increase after the rainy period. Four species of phlebotomine sand flies were present, most of them (95.0%) being Lutzomyia longipalpis. Twenty-three percent of them was captured inside the houses. Amongst 28 engorged females, 67.9% had fed on humans (Homo sapiens) and 25% on chicken (Gallus gallus). Leishmania infantum DNA was genotyped in three of nine pooled samples of Lu. longipalpis. Two canine census surveys were performed in the same districts allowing the calculation of the average positivity rate of canine VL, in each year of study, as 4.25% in 2011 and 3.34% in 2012. Fifty among the seropositive dogs for VL faded to euthanasia were randomly selected for parasitological and molecular analyses of tissues (skin, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen, as well as bone marrow aspirates). All those samples gave 100% of positivity by PCR, 76% positivity by myeloculture and 66% positivity by direct parasitological examination. The highest overall positivity (98%) was obtained with lymph nodes, where the infecting parasite was also genotyped as L. infantum. The combined analysis of the human and canine cases of VL and the vector population data in Sabará, allow us to suggest that Alvorada and Nova Vista districts deserve special attention as main risk areas of VL in the city.

no / Cryptolepine (5-methyl-10H-indolo [3, 2-b] quinoline), an indoloquinoline alkaloid (1) isolated from a medicinal plant traditionally used in Western Africa for treatment of malaria, has been shown to possess broad spectrum biological activity in addition to its antiplasmodial effect. Here, the antileishmanial properties of 11 synthetic derivatives of cryptolepine against Leishmania donovani parasites have been evaluated for the first time. 2,7-Dibromocryptolepine (8; IC50 0.5 ± 0.1 μM) was found to be the most active analogue against the promastigote form of a classical L. donovani strain (AG83) in comparison to the natural alkaloid, cryptolepine (1; IC50 1.6 ± 0.1 μM). Further, 8 was found to substantially inhibit the intracellular amastigote forms of two clinical isolates, one of them being an SbV-resistant strain of L. donovani. Moreover, the toxicity of 8 against normal mouse peritoneal macrophage cells was markedly lower than that of 1 (IC50 values: 9.0 ± 1.2 and 1.1 ± 0.3 μM, respectively), indicating 8 to be a prospective “lead” towards novel antileishmanial therapy. This was supported by studies on the mechanism of cytotoxicity induced by 8 in L. donovani promastigotes (AG83), which revealed the cytoplasmic and nuclear features of metazoan apoptosis. Light microscopic observation demonstrated a gradual decline in the motility, cell volume, and survival of the treated parasites with increasing incubation time. Flow cytometric analysis of phosphatidylserine externalization and distribution of cells in different phases of cell cycle confirmed the presence of a substantial percentage of cells in early apoptotic stage. Disruption of mitochondrial membrane integrity in terms of depolarization of membrane potential, and finally degradation of chromosomal DNA into oligonucleosomal fragments—the hallmark event of apoptosis—characterized the mode of cell death in L. donovani promastigotes.

no / Leishmania donovani are the causative agents of visceral leishmaniasis worldwide. Lack of vaccines and emergence of drug resistance warrants the need for improved drug therapy and newer therapeutic intervention strategies against leishmaniasis. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of the natural indoloquinoline alkaloid cryptolepine on L. donovani AG83 promastigotes. Our results show that cryptolepine induces cellular dysfunction in L. donovani promastigotes, which leads to the death of this unicellular parasite. Interestingly, our study suggest that cryptolepine-induced cell death of L. donovani is counteracted by initial autophagic features elicited by the cells. For the first time, we show that autophagy serves as a survival mechanism in response to cryptolepine treatment in L. donovani promastigotes and inhibition of autophagy causes an early increase in the amount of cell death. This study can be exploited for designing better drugs and better therapeutic strategies against leishmaniasis in future.

La leishmaniose viscérale est une maladie tropicale négligée et létale en l’absence de traitement. L’Amphotéricine B (AmB) est une molécule efficace mais sa forme conventionnelle, Fungizone®, conduit à une toxicité limitant les doses tandis que les formulations lipidiques moins toxiques telles que l’Ambisome® sont très coûteuses. Ainsi, le besoin de nouvelles formes thérapeutiques à la fois non toxiques et peu coûteuses subsiste actuellement. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié deux solutions possibles : la Fungizone® chauffée (H-AmB) et une microémulsion chargée en AmB (MEAmB). En ce qui concerne la microémulsion, une forme lyophilisée est souhaitable afin de s’affranchir des risques d’hydrolyse et de contamination microbienne. Les objectifs de la thèse étaient de développer les deux nouvelles formes, d’évaluer la toxicité et l’efficacité de H-AmB et MEAmB contre Leishmania donovani (souche LV9) in-vitro et in-vivo et également d’optimiser la lyophilisation de la microémulsion.La microémulsion MEAmB est composée de gouttelettes sphériques dont le diamètre moyen est proche de 35 nm et a montré un comportement rhéologique de type newtonien. L’analyse spectroscopique de H-AmB a révélé la formation de super-agrégats qui sont moins toxiques que d’autres états d’agrégation. La MeAmB ainsi que l’H-AmB ont montré une activité antiparasitaire équivalente à celle d’AmBisome® sur les formes axénique et intramacrophagique de L. donovani. L’indice de sélectivité pour ces deux formulations est élevé, en contraste avec celui de la Fungizone® native. De plus, à la différence d’AmBisome®, elles ont montré une activité importante sur des souches résistantes à l’AmB. L’activité anti-leishmanienne in-vivo des nouvelles formulations est comparable aux formulations de référence. De même, aucune différence significative des marqueurs de toxicité rénale et hépatique n’a pu être observée. Ainsi, l’H-AmB et la MEAmB pourraient être considérées comme des traitements alternatifs de la leishmaniose viscérale, avec l’avantage d’être moins onéreuses à produire que l’Ambisome®.Afin d’optimiser le procédé de lyophilisation de la MEAmB, un plan d’expérience a été mis en œuvre. Ainsi, la taille des gouttelettes est minimisée par l’utilisation de 5% de maltose comme cryoprotectant, avec une température de congélation de -80°C et un temps total de lyophilisation de 24h. Par ailleurs, aucune modification significative de la teneur en AmB n’a été observée après la lyophilisation. Ainsi, la MEAmB lyophilisée est stable et pourrait éviter la dégradation due à la présence d’eau. / Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that can be fatal if left untreated. Amphotericin B (AmB) is effective in the treatment of this disease, but the conventional formulation, Fungizone® has dose-limiting toxicity while the less toxic lipid-based forms such as Ambisome® are expensive. Therefore, the need for new therapeutic systems remains. In this respect, the heating of the Fungizone® formulation (H-AmB), and the development of a microemulsion (ME) containing AmB (MEAmB) are possible solutions. In addition, it is desirable to remove water from microemulsion systems in order to reduce instability due to microbiological contamination and hydrolysis. Therefore, the objective of this work was to develop and to evaluate the activity and toxicity in vitro and in vivo of H-AmB and MEAmB against Leishmania donovani (strain LV9) and, furthermore, to optimize a lyophilized microemulsion system containing AmB. Rheological, size and morphology studies showed that MEAmB presented average droplet sizes of 35 nm, a Newtonian behavior and spherical morphology. Spectroscopic characterization of H-AmB showed the formation of superaggregates, which are less toxic than the other states of aggregation. In-vitro evaluation on both the axenic and intramacrophagic amastigote forms showed that H-AmB and MEAmB showed similar activity to Ambisome®. A high selectivity index of H-AmB and MEAmB was observed compared with unheated Fungizone®. Furthermore, both new formulations showed high activity against AmB-resistant strains compared with Ambisome®. In-vivo experiments designed to evaluate their activity and toxicity did not reveal significant differences in activity between the new and reference formulations. There were no significant differences either in indicators of renal and hepatic toxicity. Therefore, both H-AmB and MEAmB can be used as an alternative for the treatment of LV9, presenting an advantage over Ambisome® in their lower costs of production. Therefore, a complete experimental design was performed in order to optimize the lyophilisation of the microemulsion system. It was observed that microemulsions with smaller droplet sizes were obtained using maltose as a cryoprotectant at a concentration of 5%, with freezing at -80 ° C, and a lyophilization process period of 24 h. Furthermore, it was observed that ME containing AmB showed no significant changes in drug content before and after the lyophilization process. Therefore, in its lyophilized form, the ME can remain stable and avoid degradation due to the presence of water.