In this doctoral thesis, we study both low- and high-energy observables related to massive neutrinos. Neutrino oscillations have provided indisputable evidence in favour of non-zero neutrino masses and mixings. However, the original formulation of the Standard Model cannot account for these observations, which calls for the introduction of new Physics. Among many possibilities, we focus here on the inverse seesaw, a neutrino mass generation mechanism in which the Standard Model is extended with fermionic gauge singlets. This model offers an attractive alternative to the usual seesaw realisations since it can potentially have natural Yukawa couplings (O(1)) while keeping the new Physics scale at energies within reach of the LHC. Among the many possible effects, this scenario can lead to deviations from lepton flavour universality. We have investigated these signatures and found that the ratios R_K and R_π provide new, additional constraints on the inverse seesaw. We have also considered the embedding of the inverse seesaw in supersymmetric models. This leads to increased rates for various lepton flavour violating processes, due to enhanced contributions from penguin diagrams mediated by the Higgs and Z bosons. Finally, we also found that the new invisible decay channels associated with the sterile neutrinos present in the supersymmetric inverse seesaw could significantly weaken the constraints on the mass and couplings of a light CP-odd Higgs boson.

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions à la fois des observables de basse et de haute énergie liée à la présence de neutrinos massifs. Les oscillations de neutrinos ont apporté des preuves indiscutables en faveur de l'existence de masses non-nulles et de mélanges. Néanmoins, la formulation originale du Modèle Standard ne permet pas d'expliquer ces observations, d'où la nécessité d'introduire de nouveaux modèles. Parmi de nombreuses possibilités, nous nous concentrons ici sur le seesaw inverse, un mécanisme générant des neutrinos massifs par l'ajout de fermions singulets de jauge au Modèle Standard. Ce modèle offre une alternative attractive aux réalisations habituelles du seesaw puisqu'il a des couplages de Yukawa potentiellement naturels (O(1)) tout en conservant l'échelle de la nouvelle physique à des énergies accessibles au LHC. Parmi de nombreux effets, ce scénario peut générer de larges écarts à l'universalité leptonique. Nous avons étudié ces signatures et trouvé que les rapports R_K et R_π constituent de nouvelles contraintes pour le seesaw inverse. Nous nous sommes aussi intéressé à l'intégration de l'inverse seesaw dans différents modèles supersymétriques. Ceci conduit à une augmentation de la section efficace de divers processus violant la saveur leptonique du fait de contributions plus importantes venant des diagrammes pingouins comportant un boson de Higgs ou Z. Finalement, nous avons aussi trouvé que les nouveaux canaux de désintégration ouverts par la présence de neutrinos stériles dans les modèles de seesaw inverse supersymétriques peuvent significativement relaxer les contraintes sur la masse et les couplages d'un boson de Higgs CP-impair. / In this doctoral thesis, we study both low- and high-energy observables related to massive neutrinos. Neutrino oscillations have provided indisputable evidence in favour of non-zero neutrino masses and mixings. However, the original formulation of the Standard Model cannot account for these observations, which calls for the introduction of new Physics. Among many possibilities, we focus here on the inverse seesaw, a neutrino mass generation mechanism in which the Standard Model is extended with fermionic gauge singlets. This model offers an attractive alternative to the usual seesaw realisations since it can potentially have natural Yukawa couplings (O(1)) while keeping the new Physics scale at energies within reach of the LHC. Among the many possible effects, this scenario can lead to deviations from lepton flavour universality. We have investigated these signatures and found that the ratios R_K and R_π provide new, additional constraints on the inverse seesaw. We have also considered the embedding of the inverse seesaw in supersymmetric models. This leads to increased rates for various lepton flavour violating processes, due to enhanced contributions from penguin diagrams mediated by the Higgs and Z bosons. Finally, we also found that the new invisible decay channels associated with the sterile neutrinos present in the supersymmetric inverse seesaw could significantly weaken the constraints on the mass and couplings of a light CP-odd Higgs boson.