Introdução: A leucemia linfoide aguda (LLA) \"BCR-ABL1-like\" exibe um perfil de expressão gênica semelhante ao observado em pacientes com LLA BCR-ABL1+. Este subtipo representa até 15% de todos os casos de LLA de linhagem B na população pediátrica e é frequentemente associado à presença de deleção total ou parcial do gene IKZF1. As isoformas de domínio negativo têm sido associadas a um aumento na chance de falha de resposta ao tratamento e tem sido associada com pior prognóstico. Objetivos: Analisar a presença de deleções do gene IKZF1 e a expressão de suas isoformas em amostras de medula óssea ao diagnóstico de crianças com LLA por técnica simplificada e de baixo custo de RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) e avaliar a associação desta alteração com fatores clínicos, biológicos e sobrevida. Metodologia: Foram analisadas 137 amostras de medula óssea colhidas ao diagnóstico de crianças com LLA, sendo 100 amostras de LLA de linhagem B, 35 de linhagem T e 2 na qual não foi possível a definição do imunofenópo, todas classificadas e tratadas segundo o protocolos GBTLI-99. A presença de deleções das isoformas do gene IKZF1 foi analisada por técnica de RT-PCR e confirmadas por sequenciamento automático. Associação entre deleção do IKZF1 e as variáveis idade, número de glóbulos brancos, grupo de risco, subgrupo molecular, presença de doença residual mínima e evento (recidiva ou óbito) foi analisada pelo teste exato de Fisher. Sobrevida livre de eventos, sobrevida livre de doença e sobrevida global foram avaliadas por curvas de Kaplan-Meier e teste log-rank. Análise multivariada por modelo de regressão de Cox foi utilizada para testar a independência dos fatores prognósticos. Resultados: Deleção total ou parcial no gene IKZF1 foi observada em 27/100 amostras de LLA B-derivada, sendo 15 evidenciando hiperexpressão das isoformas 6 ou 10, em 9 a expressão das isoformas foi de fraca intensidade e em 3 houve deleção total do gene. Nas amostras de LLA T-derivada foram observadas 3 alterações sendo 2 hiperexpressões da isoforma Ik6 e uma deleção total do gene. Presença de expressão forte das isoformas Ik6/Ik10 de IKZF1 foi associada na LLA B-derivada com pior sobrevida livre de eventos (SG), sobrevida livre de doença (SLD) e sobrevida global (SG)(P<0,001)). A presença de qualquer deleção do gene teve impacto apenas na SG (P=0,003). A sobrevida livre de eventos em 5 anos foi de 78,1 ± 4,6% versus 32 ± 12,4 % (P< 0,001), para os grupos sem e com expressão forte das isoformas Ik6/Ik10 forte de IKZF1 respectivamente, com risco relativo de evento desfavorável de 6.034 (95% IC: 2,105 - 17,295) para a presença da deleção. Análise multivariada por modelo de regressão de Cox nas LLA de linhagem B mostrou que expressão forte das isoformas Ik6/Ik10 foi o principal fator prognóstico independente (P<0.001) quando analisada em associação com idade, imunofenótipo (ausência de CD10), status da medula óssea no D28 da terapia de indução (M2/M3) e presença de DRM no D28 da indução tanto para SLE, quanto para SLD e SG. Nossos dados sugerem que o uso de técnica simplificada e de baixo custo para análise de deleções do gene IKZF1 é capaz de detectar pacientes com maior risco de recidiva, podendo ser útil na estratificação de pacientes com LLA de linhagem B em futuros protocolos de tratamento. Estudos multicêntricos com maior número de casos são necessários para confirmação destes resultados. / Introduction: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) \"BCR-ABL1-like\" exhibits a gene expression profile similar to that observed in patients with BCR-ABL1 + ALL. This subtype accounts for up to 15% of all B lineage ALL cases in the pediatric population and is often associated with the presence of total or partial deletion of the IKZF1 gene. Negative domain isoforms have been associated with an increased chance of treatment failure and have been associated with poorer prognosis. Objectives: To analyze the presence of deletions of the IKZF1 gene and the expression of its isoforms in bone marrow samples to the diagnosis of children with ALL by simplified technique and lowcost RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) and to evaluate the association of this with clinical, biological and survival factors. Methodology: It has been analyzed 137 bone marrow samples collected at the diagnosis of children with ALL, 100 samples of ALL B lineage , 35 of T lineage and 2 in which it was not possible to define the immunophenotype, all classified and treated according to GBTLI protocols -99. The presence of deletions of the IKZF1 gene isoforms was analyzed by RT-PCR technique and confirmed by automatic sequencing. The association between IKZF1 deletion and the variables age, white blood cell count, risk group, molecular subgroup, presence of minimal residual disease and event (recurrence or death) were analyzed by the Fisher exact test. Event-free survival, disease-free survival and overall survival were assessed by Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank test. Multivariate analysis by Cox regression model was used to test the independence of prognostic factors. Results: Total or partial deletion in the IKZF1 gene was observed in 27/100 samples of B-derived ALL, 15 of which showed hyperexpression of isoforms 6 or 10, in 9 the expression of the isoforms was of low intensity and in 3 there was total deletion of the gene . In the T- derived ALL samples, 3 alterations were observed, 2 hyperexpressions of the Ik6 isoform and a total deletion of the gene. The presence of strong Ik6/Ik10 isoform expression was associated in B-derived ALL with worse event-free survival (SLE), disease-free survival (SLD), and overall survival (OS) (P <0.001). The presence of any deletion of the gene had an impact only on the SLE (P = 0.003). The 5-year event-free survival was 78.1 ± 4.6% versus 32 ± 12.4% (P <0.001), for the groups with and without a strong deletion of IKZF1 respectively, with relative risk of unfavorable event of 6,034 (95% CI: 2,105 - 17,295) for the presence of the deletion. Multivariate analysis by Cox regression model in B lineage ALL showed that the strong expression of Ik6 / Ik10 isoforms was the main independent prognostic factor (P <0.001) when analyzed in association with age, immunophenotype (absence of CD10), marrow status bone in D28 of induction therapy (M2 / M3) and presence of DRM in induction D28 for both SLE, SLD and SG. Our data suggest that the use of simplified and low-cost IKZF1 gene deletion analysis is capable of detecting patients at higher risk of relapse and may be useful in the stratification of patients with B lineage ALL in future treatment protocols. Multicentric studies with a greater number of cases are necessary to confirm these results.

Introdução: A leucemia linfoide aguda (LLA) \"BCR-ABL1-like\" exibe um perfil de expressão gênica semelhante ao observado em pacientes com LLA BCR-ABL1+. Este subtipo representa até 15% de todos os casos de LLA de linhagem B na população pediátrica e é frequentemente associado à presença de deleção total ou parcial do gene IKZF1. As isoformas de domínio negativo têm sido associadas a um aumento na chance de falha de resposta ao tratamento e tem sido associada com pior prognóstico. Objetivos: Analisar a presença de deleções do gene IKZF1 e a expressão de suas isoformas em amostras de medula óssea ao diagnóstico de crianças com LLA por técnica simplificada e de baixo custo de RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) e avaliar a associação desta alteração com fatores clínicos, biológicos e sobrevida. Metodologia: Foram analisadas 137 amostras de medula óssea colhidas ao diagnóstico de crianças com LLA, sendo 100 amostras de LLA de linhagem B, 35 de linhagem T e 2 na qual não foi possível a definição do imunofenópo, todas classificadas e tratadas segundo o protocolos GBTLI-99. A presença de deleções das isoformas do gene IKZF1 foi analisada por técnica de RT-PCR e confirmadas por sequenciamento automático. Associação entre deleção do IKZF1 e as variáveis idade, número de glóbulos brancos, grupo de risco, subgrupo molecular, presença de doença residual mínima e evento (recidiva ou óbito) foi analisada pelo teste exato de Fisher. Sobrevida livre de eventos, sobrevida livre de doença e sobrevida global foram avaliadas por curvas de Kaplan-Meier e teste log-rank. Análise multivariada por modelo de regressão de Cox foi utilizada para testar a independência dos fatores prognósticos. Resultados: Deleção total ou parcial no gene IKZF1 foi observada em 27/100 amostras de LLA B-derivada, sendo 15 evidenciando hiperexpressão das isoformas 6 ou 10, em 9 a expressão das isoformas foi de fraca intensidade e em 3 houve deleção total do gene. Nas amostras de LLA T-derivada foram observadas 3 alterações sendo 2 hiperexpressões da isoforma Ik6 e uma deleção total do gene. Presença de expressão forte das isoformas Ik6/Ik10 de IKZF1 foi associada na LLA B-derivada com pior sobrevida livre de eventos (SG), sobrevida livre de doença (SLD) e sobrevida global (SG)(P<0,001)). A presença de qualquer deleção do gene teve impacto apenas na SG (P=0,003). A sobrevida livre de eventos em 5 anos foi de 78,1 ± 4,6% versus 32 ± 12,4 % (P< 0,001), para os grupos sem e com expressão forte das isoformas Ik6/Ik10 forte de IKZF1 respectivamente, com risco relativo de evento desfavorável de 6.034 (95% IC: 2,105 - 17,295) para a presença da deleção. Análise multivariada por modelo de regressão de Cox nas LLA de linhagem B mostrou que expressão forte das isoformas Ik6/Ik10 foi o principal fator prognóstico independente (P<0.001) quando analisada em associação com idade, imunofenótipo (ausência de CD10), status da medula óssea no D28 da terapia de indução (M2/M3) e presença de DRM no D28 da indução tanto para SLE, quanto para SLD e SG. Nossos dados sugerem que o uso de técnica simplificada e de baixo custo para análise de deleções do gene IKZF1 é capaz de detectar pacientes com maior risco de recidiva, podendo ser útil na estratificação de pacientes com LLA de linhagem B em futuros protocolos de tratamento. Estudos multicêntricos com maior número de casos são necessários para confirmação destes resultados. / Introduction: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) \"BCR-ABL1-like\" exhibits a gene expression profile similar to that observed in patients with BCR-ABL1 + ALL. This subtype accounts for up to 15% of all B lineage ALL cases in the pediatric population and is often associated with the presence of total or partial deletion of the IKZF1 gene. Negative domain isoforms have been associated with an increased chance of treatment failure and have been associated with poorer prognosis. Objectives: To analyze the presence of deletions of the IKZF1 gene and the expression of its isoforms in bone marrow samples to the diagnosis of children with ALL by simplified technique and lowcost RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) and to evaluate the association of this with clinical, biological and survival factors. Methodology: It has been analyzed 137 bone marrow samples collected at the diagnosis of children with ALL, 100 samples of ALL B lineage , 35 of T lineage and 2 in which it was not possible to define the immunophenotype, all classified and treated according to GBTLI protocols -99. The presence of deletions of the IKZF1 gene isoforms was analyzed by RT-PCR technique and confirmed by automatic sequencing. The association between IKZF1 deletion and the variables age, white blood cell count, risk group, molecular subgroup, presence of minimal residual disease and event (recurrence or death) were analyzed by the Fisher exact test. Event-free survival, disease-free survival and overall survival were assessed by Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank test. Multivariate analysis by Cox regression model was used to test the independence of prognostic factors. Results: Total or partial deletion in the IKZF1 gene was observed in 27/100 samples of B-derived ALL, 15 of which showed hyperexpression of isoforms 6 or 10, in 9 the expression of the isoforms was of low intensity and in 3 there was total deletion of the gene . In the T- derived ALL samples, 3 alterations were observed, 2 hyperexpressions of the Ik6 isoform and a total deletion of the gene. The presence of strong Ik6/Ik10 isoform expression was associated in B-derived ALL with worse event-free survival (SLE), disease-free survival (SLD), and overall survival (OS) (P <0.001). The presence of any deletion of the gene had an impact only on the SLE (P = 0.003). The 5-year event-free survival was 78.1 ± 4.6% versus 32 ± 12.4% (P <0.001), for the groups with and without a strong deletion of IKZF1 respectively, with relative risk of unfavorable event of 6,034 (95% CI: 2,105 - 17,295) for the presence of the deletion. Multivariate analysis by Cox regression model in B lineage ALL showed that the strong expression of Ik6 / Ik10 isoforms was the main independent prognostic factor (P <0.001) when analyzed in association with age, immunophenotype (absence of CD10), marrow status bone in D28 of induction therapy (M2 / M3) and presence of DRM in induction D28 for both SLE, SLD and SG. Our data suggest that the use of simplified and low-cost IKZF1 gene deletion analysis is capable of detecting patients at higher risk of relapse and may be useful in the stratification of patients with B lineage ALL in future treatment protocols. Multicentric studies with a greater number of cases are necessary to confirm these results.

Leukemia is the most common malignant disease in children patients. In our laboratory (CLIP) a novel subtype of B-cell precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (BCP-ALL) with lineage switch during early phase of treatment towards myeloid lineage (swALL) was recently documented. SwALL incidence is almost 4 % of all BCP-ALLs (Slámová et al., 2014). DNA methylation (presence of 5-methylcytosine) is together with post-translational histone modifications and non- coding RNAs an epigenetic mechanism which regulates gene expression without changes of genetic code. DNA methylation is easily detected by bisulphite conversion and subsequent sequencing. The aim of this work was to compare genome-wide DNA methylation patterns between patients with swALL and control BCP-ALLs. The first step in achieving that was revision and improvement of bioinformatic processing protocol for eRRBS data from massive parallel sequencing. To improve the sequence adapter trimming I tested four bioinformatic tools - FAR, cutadapt, Trimmomatic and fastx_clipper. I implemented the fastest and most effective - Trimmomatic into the processing protocol. As a next step I analysed the data with improved protocol and extended the analysis in R programming environment where the comparison of studied groups was performed. The comparison of...

[Truncated abstract] Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) accounts for the largest number of cases of childhood cancer (25-35%) and is the primary cause of cancer related morbidity. Today more than 76% of children with ALL are alive and disease free at 5 years. Approximately one in 900 individuals between the ages of 16 and 44 years is a survivor of childhood cancer. In contrast, those patients who relapse with childhood ALL currently have a 6-year event free survival of 20-30%. The short arm of chromosome 9p is mutated or deleted in many cancers including leukaemia. Aberrations of the INK4A/ARF and INK4B loci at the 9p21 band are linked to the development and progression of cancer. In murine cancer models there is evidence to suggest that mutations of Ink4a/Arf and p53 gene loci promote resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs known to trigger apoptosis. The initial aim of this project was to develop an accurate, reproducible method to detect deletions at the INK4A/ARF locus in patient bone marrow specimens. This technique was then applied to detect the incidence of deletions of this locus in childhood ALL specimens. The hypothesis developed was that deletion at the INK4A/ARF locus at diagnosis in childhood ALL is an independent prognostic marker and is involved in disease progression. A secondary aim of this study was to determine which deletions at the INK4A/ARF and INK4B loci are the most relevant in leukaemogenesis in childhood ALL. ... This study has shown that deletion of the INK4A/ARF locus is an independent prognostic indicator in childhood ALL. In addition, the frequency of deletion at the INK4A/ARF and INK4B loci is increased at relapse compared to diagnosis in childhood ALL. In the relapse study group, deletion of the p16INK4A gene at diagnosis was associated with a decreased median time to relapse compared to other genes analysed. Murine studies suggest that such deletions may result in an increased resistance to chemotherapy. If the findings from this study are confirmed in a larger cohort, it is expected that therapeutic interventions based on assessment of the p16INK4A gene in diagnostic childhood ALL specimens will be implemented to prevent relapse in standard risk patients and help to improve the outcome in high risk patients.