The role of nanohybrid materials in the fields of polymer composites and electrochemical energy systems is significant since they affect the enhanced physical properties and improved electrochemical performance, respectively. As basic nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes and graphene were utilized due to their outstanding physical properties. With these materials, hybrid nanostructures were generated through a novel synthesis method, modified sol-gel process; namely, carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-maghemite and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-maghemite nanohybrid materials were developed. In the study on polymer composities, developed CNTs-maghemite (magnetic carbon nanotbues (m-CNTs)) were readily aligned under an externally applied magnetic field, and due to the aligned features of m-CNTs in polymer matrices, it showed much enhanced anisotropic electrical and mechanical properties. In the study on electrochemical energy system (Li-ion batteries), rGO-maghemite were used as anode materials; as a result, they showed improved electrochemical performance for Li-ion batteries due to their specific morphology and characteristics.