AParmi les différentes sources d’énergie, les microaccumulateurs tout solide au lithium sont de bons candidats pour l’alimentation de systèmes miniaturisés. Afin d’outrepasser les limitations actuelles de ces microsources, les films minces de germanium sont prometteurs comme matériau d’électrode négative de par leurs meilleures stabilités chimique et thermique, comparées à celles du lithium métal. Ce travail de thèse a consisté à développer et à optimiser le procédé de synthèse par pulvérisation cathodique magnétron d’électrodes de germanium en couches minces, dont les propriétés physiques ont été mises en relation avec les performances électrochimiques. L’analyse du comportement électrochimique en régime et sur la tenue en cyclage a mis en évidence l’influence de la morphologie et du dopage des films de germanium. Malgré d’importantes variations volumiques de l’électrode, une étude a permis de montrer la faisabilité d’une intégration de ces couches minces dans des microaccumulateurs tout solide Ge pré-lithié/ LiPON/ Li par des procédés basse température (compatibles Above IC). Avec ce type d’empilement, une capacité spécifique élevée de 50 µAh/cm² (» 800 µAh/cm².µm) a été maintenue sur une quarantaine de cycles sous 10 µA/cm². Diverses propositions ont été envisagées afin d’accroître la cyclabilité de ces dispositifs et de permettre la réalisation de microaccumulateurs Li-ion pour des applications en microélectronique. / Among the different energy sources, all solid state lithium microbatteries are the most promising candidates for the alimentation of miniaturised systems. In the aim of overcoming the current limitations of these micro power sources, germanium thin films prove to be a promising material as a negative electrode, due to their better chemical and thermal stability in comparison with metallic lithium. This PhD work was devoted to the development of germanium electrode coatings and the optimisation of their synthesis by magnetron sputtering. Their physical properties have been correlated to their electrochemical performances. The influence of the morphology and doping of the films on their electrochemical behaviour at different current densities and on the cyclability was established. Despite huge volumic variations of the electrode, this study showed the feasibility of integrating these films in Ge lithiated/ LiPON /Li microbatteries deposited by low temperature processes (Above IC compatibility). With this stack configuration, a stable specific capacity of 50 µAh/cm² (» 800 µAh/cm².µm) has been maintained during forty cycles. Different solutions have been suggested to improve the cyclability of all solid state microbatteries and the techniques used for directly depositing them on the electronic microcomponents.

West Lafayette; Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are commonly and widely applied in current numerous devices such as smart phones, laptops, electric vehicles and medical devices. The LIBs are considered as a mature technology in todays commercial market bene ted from their uncomplicated lithium intercalation and de-intercalation reactions, stable cycling performance and good working life as energy storage devices and power resources. However, the conventional LIBs with technical limits such as high weight, low lithium utilization and low speci c energy density hit the bottlenecks of further improvements and optimizations for meeting the growing power supply requirements. It is urgent to develop the second generations of rechargeable lithium batteries, which have the bene ts of low cost, high speci c capacity and high energy density with light weight. In this context, lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) and lithium-selenium (Li-Se) batteries attract much attention due to the high possibility to meet the requirements of high speci c capacity and high energy density. However, the technical challenges they are facing put some barriers before they can be successfully commercialized. By a brief summary, the challenges to be solved are current low energy density because of requiring large amount of liquid electrolyte, the highly ammability and unsafety of lithium metal, low active material content due to the necessary requirement of carbon and binder, and severe so-called shuttle effect resulting in low Coulombic effciency. Before solving these challenges, Li-S batteries or Li-Se batteries are unlikely to be successfully commercialized in our market. Therefore, numerous research is aimed at solving the challenges and further developing more advanced Li-S and Li-Se battery systems. In the present dissertation, the contributions are mainly focused on sulfur-based and selenium-based materials, which aim to solve the current existing challenges and improve the battery performance, herein obtain a higher potential for application. Four chapters are included in this dissertation, which aim to present the four studied projects. The rst research conducted in this dissertation is developing organo S/Se hybrid materials which require low E/S ratios of liquid electrolyte and show light shuttle effect, therefore indicate promising high energy density and cycling life. Secondly, the tin foil is used as lithium sources instead of metallic lithium anode, then incorporated with sulfur cathode as a full cell. The full cell design provides the potential using a metallic anode other than pure lithium and increase the safety factor of a battery system. In addition, nano-scale selenium/carbon nanotubes composite electrode is synthesized via a chemical reduction method. With the optimization on thickness of the composite electrodes, the Se cathode has an active material content of ~60% and shows stable long cycling life with maximizing the utilization of selenium. The nal research conducted in this dissertation is applying a macro molecule named cyanostar, which has the ability to chemically bind with polysul de species, thereupon to alleviate the shuttle effect in Li-S batteries. With the evidence from chemistry analysis and electrochemical comparison results presented in this dissertation, cyanostar is proven to have the potential for further applications in Li-S batteries.

No description available.

Non-aqueous rechargeable lithium-air (O₂) batteries are receiving intense interest because of their high theoretical specific energy, which are several times greater than that of lithium-ion batteries. To achieve it, the highly reversible formation/decomposition of Li₂O₂ is required to occur in the cathode during cycling. Due to the reactivity of reduced O₂ species, the aprotic electrolyte and carbon electrode substrate would be attacked and then decomposed. The organic carbonate decomposed on discharge, forming C₃H₆(OCO₂Li)₂, Li₂CO₃, HCO₂Li, CH₃CO₂Li, CO₂ and H₂O. Part of these by-products decomposed on the subsequent charge process and the rest remained and blocked the electrode surface. Finally, the cell cycling stopped because of the depletion of electrolyte and the passivation of the electrode surface. Possible mechanisms are proposed for reactions on discharge and charge. Some other types of aprotic solvents were investigated in the same way. Ethers, amides, sulfones, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), etc reveal better stability than organic carbonates. Reversible formation/decomposition was observed together with minor side-reactions. Besides electrolytes, carbon substrate of electrode also slightly decomposed. Several other substrate materials were studied. If the carbon electrodes were replaced with the nanoporous gold electrodes, less side-reaction was observed in the cells, and the cell sustained 100 cycles without severe polarisation and capacity fading. The charge performance of a Li-O₂ cell remains a challenge. Great voltage polarisation even at modest rate was observed because of the difficulty of charge transfer between solid electrode surface and solid Li₂O₂. Redox mediators were used in a Li-O₂ cell, which transported the charge between electrode surface and solid Li₂O₂, acting as an electron-hole transfer agent. The oxidation of solid Li₂O₂ was facilitated and the cell with mediator demonstrated 100 charge/discharge cycles.

No description available.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-69).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 48-50).

Thesis (Doctoral)--Ruprecht-Karl-Universität in Heidelberg. / Chinese title on cover and spine: Li Liweng lun xi qu. Vita. Reprint. Originally published: [Heidelberg : s.n.], 1966. Includes bibliographical references (p. 307-325).

The aim of this thesis is to develop a better understanding about the degradation mechanisms occurring within lithium-ion cells which eventually lead to their failure. An introduction to the components and operation of Li-ion cells is followed by proposed degradation mechanisms which limit the lifetime of cells. These mechanisms and how they can be identified from electrochemical testing are discussed. Electrolyte additives can be used to improve the safety of Li-ion cells or decrease the rate of cell degradation. Different types of additives and testing methods are discussed followed by an introduction to high precision coulometry which can be used to detect the impact of additives on cycling performance. The High Precision Charger that was constructed for this project is described and shown to meet the desired precision. The use of additives and different materials to extend lifetime of cells is shown to be detectable through the use of high precision coulometry. High precision coulometry proves to be a more efficient way of estimating the lifetime of cells under realistic conditions in a reasonably short amount of time. / MSc. Thesis