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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Mechanics of antigen extraction by B cells / Mécanique de l'extraction d'antigène par les cellules B

Kumari, Anita 11 October 2017 (has links)
Les lymphocytes B sont un des éléments essentiels de l’immunité adaptative de par leur fonction de production d’anticorps. In vivo, leur activation est principalement déclenchée par l’engagement de leur récepteur BCR (B cell receptor) associé à des antigènes présents à la surface des cellules voisines. Cette interaction conduit à la formation d'une synapse immunitaire qui coordonne les événements de réorganisation de la signalisation et du cytosquelette qui sont essentiels pour l’extraction et le traitement des antigènes par les lymphocytes B. Deux modèles ont été proposés pour l'extraction d’antigènes : (1) L'étalement des membranes suivie d'une contraction cellulaire et (2) l'extraction mécanique directe des complexes moléculaires BCR-antigène. Selon le premier modèle, la reconnaissance spécifique par le BCR des antigènes liés à la bicouche lipidique, conduit à la contraction du cytosquelette d'actine transportant les antigènes associés au BCR vers le centre de la synapse. Le deuxième modèle résulte d'observations effectuées à l'aide d'un microscope à force atomique, d'antigènes associés à la membrane plasmatique suggérant que la protéine motrice myosine II tire activement sur des complexes BCR-antigène dans des puits enduits de clathrine. Il a également été montré que les antigènes peuvent être internalisés via la sécrétion de protéase à la synapse, mais cette voie ne s'active que si la voie mécanique échoue, typiquement sur des substrats non déformables enduits d'antigènes. Dans cette étude, nous avons développé une méthode pour extraire des modèles de force en utilisant des substrats déformables enduits d'antigènes pour la visualisation directe de la force (microscopie de force de traction, TFM). Nous démontrons l'existence de forces contractiles globales à la périphérie de la synapse et des forces d'attraction locales au centre. Les forces contractiles périphériques dépendent de l'organisation centripète de la myosine II, alors que les forces de traction centrales sont générées par des protubérances de F-actine formées de manière dépendante à la myosine II. Nous avons observé des contractions pulsatives et collectives, qui mettent potentiellement en évidence l'organisation de structures d'actine au centre de la synapse par l'intermédiaire de l'activité de la myosine II par intermittence. Nos résultats proposent donc un modèle unifié pour l'extraction de l'antigène par les lymphocytes B, où la myosine II est nécessaire pour la contraction cellulaire globale ainsi que pour l'internalisation de l'antigène par la régulation locale de la dynamique de l'actine. Il est important de noter que les méthodes et le modèle proposés ici peuvent être généralisés à d'autres systèmes impliquant l’association de molécules associé à une surface pouvant concerner de nombreux processus d’endocytose in vivo. / B cells produce antibodies and are therefore essential effectors of adaptive immunity. In vivo, their activation is mostly triggered by the engagement of their B cell receptor (BCR) with antigens exposed at the surface of neighboring antigen presenting cells. This leads to formation of an immune synapse that coordinates the signaling and cytoskeleton rearrangement events that are essential for B cells to extract and process antigens. Two models have been proposed for extraction of surface-tethered antigens by B cells: (1) Membrane spreading followed by cell contraction and (2) direct mechanical pulling on BCR-antigen molecular complexes. According to the first model, specific recognition by the BCR of antigens bound to supported lipid bilayer leads to contraction of the actin cytoskeleton, transporting BCR-bound antigens towards the centre of the synapse. The second model arose from observations made using atomic force microscopy of antigens tethered to plasma membrane sheets, which suggest the actin based motor protein myosin II actively pulls on BCR-antigen complexes in clathrin coated pits. It has also been shown that antigens can be internalized via protease secretion at the synapse, but this pathway only activate if the mechanical pathway fails, typically on non-deformable antigen coated substrates. In this study, we developed a method for extracting force patterns using antigen-coated substrate deformations for direct force visualization (traction force microscopy, TFM). We demonstrate the existence of global contractile forces at the periphery of the synapse and local pulling forces at its center. Peripheral contractile forces were dependent on the centripetal organization of myosin II, whereas central pulling forces were generated by F-actin protrusions formed in a myosin II-dependent manner. We observed collective pulsatile contractions, potentially underlying the organization of actin structures in the center of the synapse through intermittent myosin II activity. Our results thus propose a unified model for antigen extraction by B cells where myosin II is needed for global cell contractility as well as for antigen internalization through local regulation of actin dynamics. Importantly, the methods and model proposed here may be generalizable to other systems involving surface-tethered molecules, as this model might concern many endocytic processes in vivo.
2

Epidemiology and optimal management of cryptococcal meningo-encephalitis associated with AIDS in Cameroon / Épidémiologie et prise en charge optimale de la méningo-encéphalite à cryptocoque associée au sida au Cameroun

Temfack, Elvis 20 October 2017 (has links)
Pas de résumé / Cryptococcal meningitis (CM), caused by an encapsulated yeast is a leading cause of AIDS related opportunistic infection in adults in sub-Saharan Africa and a major driver of mortality, second to tuberculosis. We aimed at optimising the management of AIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis in Cameroon through interventional studies. As such, we designed and performed three studies on the role of cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) in CM diagnosis, contributed in a major phase III non-inferiority clinical trial for inductive treatment of CM in the African setting and analysed the trial participants’ tolerability of the antifungals used in the trial. We also contributed in a review on the long-term prognosis of CM and finally in an advocacy paper for CM to be recognised as a neglected tropical disease. In Cameroon, serum CrAg detection, a major risk factor for incident CM in AIDS patient is prevalent in 7.5% of patients initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) at less than 100 CD4 cells/μL, of whom 45% have cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evidence of asymptomatic CM. The new Biosynex CryptoPS test for CrAg detection is comparable to the IMMY lateral flow assay test and shows promise for correctly classifying patients with high serum CrAg titre, a predictor of confirmed CM. Post CrAg screening, enhanced adherence to ART and to fluconazole-based pre-emptive therapy to CrAg positive patients who present with no CM is effective in preventing incident CM within the first year of ART. In HIV patients presenting with symptoms of central nervous system disease, compared to Indian ink staining and/or culture of CSF, serum CrAg detection is highly presumptive of CM and CSF CrAg detection is diagnostic of first episode of CM. In African patients with confirmed CM, inductive therapy based on oral fluconazole-flucytosine combination or seven-day amphotericin B-flucytosine combination are as effective and more tolerated than standard fourteen-day amphotericin B-flucytosine combination. In spite advances in HIV care, mortality due to CM remains unacceptably high warranting CM to be recognised as a neglected tropical disease for which targeted resources need to be allocated to reduce HIV-related mortality. Overall, in Cameroon, putting in place of local pragmatic algorithms based on the availability of simple but highly performant diagnostic tools and sustainable recommended treatment are indispensable to decrease AIDS-associated CM-related morbidity and mortality.

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