Responses of naturally infected Etheostoma caeruleum to the presence of the acanthocephalans, Acanthocephalus dirus and Pomphorhynchus bulbocolli, were observed in 10u sections of intestines stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Both parasite species caused tissue damage to the host and elicited host responses. The major difference in parasite destruction was shallow tissue penetration by A. dirus proboscides while the proboscides of P. bulbocolli had deeper penetration and capsule formation. The most common parasite was P. bulbocolli, yet concurrent infections were not uncommon. Effects of concurrent infection were a combination of single species effects on the host. Connective tissue hyperplasia was more evident in intestinal layers, especially the lamina propria, in infections with P. bulbocolli. The proboscides of A. dirus did not penetrate all the intestinal layers of the host. However, the proboscides of P. bulbocolli usually passed through all layers of the intestine. Proboscides of P. bulbocolli were observed penetrating other tissues of the host such as lymphatic, adipose, testicular, and ovarian. Cellular infiltration and connective tissue proliferation were more pronounced in the E. caeruleum infected with P. bulbocolli.

In the axopod, the cell appendage of heliozoans, a bundle of microtubules runs the length of the organelle with a lateral pattern depending on the species. In the species under study, Echinosphaerium nucleofilum, these microtubules are arranged in a double spiral pattern. Axopodia can be detached and the purpose of this study was to refine the detachment procedure, work out electron microscopy techniques and scrutinize the detached axopodia for differences from the organelle of a whole organism. Detached axopodia were fixed, embedded, sectioned, observed under the electron microscope and found to be similar in ultrastructure to undetached ones. Thus, mass preparations of the detached organelles are suitable for further investigations into the biochemistry of microtubules.

The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate -specific isocitrate dehydrogenase (threo-Ds(+) isocitrate: NADP+: oxidoreductase [decarboxylating]; E.C. 1.1.1.42.) of Phycomyces blakesleeanus was partially purified. The method used to purify the enzyme was a combination of protamine sulphate precipitation, ammonium sulphate fractionation, and ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The NADP+ -specific IDH was purified from an initial specific activity of 0.05 units/mg of protein to a final specific activity of 1.5 units/mg protein in solution. Molecular and reaction characteristics were explored. Employing gel filtration the molecular weight of the enzyme was determined to be 88,000. The forward reaction was found to have a pH optimum of 7.5 to 8.5. The pH optimum for the reverse reaction was found to be 6.0. Kinetic studies performed showed the apparent Km's for Mn++. and threo-Ds(+) isocitrate to be 2.45 x 10-4 M, and 1.57 x 10-4 M, respectively. Apparent Km's for Mn++ and NADPH in the reverse reaction were found to be: Mn++, 9.7 x 10-5 M, and NADPH, 1.52 x 10-4 M. Alpha-ketoglutarate did not give a linear Lineweaver-Burk plot. Hill plots for the reverse reaction showed the binding orders for Mn" and NADPH to be 2 and 1, respectively.

Ninety-day experiments were initiated in January (Expt. 1), June (Expt. 2), and October (Expt. 3) 1972, to characterize molting patterns of Orconectes immunis (Hagen) at three different temperatures (20 C, 24 C, and 28 C) and three different photoperiods (6 L, 15 L, and continuous light). For each experiment 144 animals were collected from the seasonally predominate size class of that period. Light intensity was regulated to 15 foot candles + 10. Experimental conditions were arranged in a 3 x 3 design for statistical analysis using a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement of treatments. In all cases molting frequency was directly related to temperature (0.01 level of significance). Photoperiod did not significantly affect molting, nor were sexual differences in molting and these parameters apparent. Finally, no interactions between any of the parameters were found. In animals collected in January, successful molting frequency was linear from 20 C (387 of the animals molted) to 28 C (27% of the animals molted). Mortalities were low (2%) and 117 of the animals did not attempt to molt. In animals collected in June, 467 of the animals died in the molt process. Of these, 11% were malformed and 35% attempted to molt unsuccessfully. Unsuccessful molting was linear from 28 C (3 animals attempted to molt) to 20 C (38 animals attempted to molt). At 28 C there were 22 successful molts and at 20 C,6 successful molts. In animals collected in October, the lowest number of successful molts, 11, occurred at 28 C and the highest number, 35, at 24 C. Linear and quadratic regressions were significant, indicating a relationship of successful molting frequency to temperature up to a certain point. Fifty-five percent of the animals did not attempt to molt and there was an overall mortality of 2%. It was suggested that temperature apparently was the major factor involved in the molting of O. immunis in the experimental conditions of this study.

Carteria olivieri West (CHLOROPHYCEAE:CHLAMYDOMONADACEAE) is a quadriflagellated unicellular green alga similar to representatives of the genus Chlamydomonas. There exists within the genus morphological variation in reference to the chloroplast, pyrenoid(s), and stigma. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ultrastructure of Carteria olivieri. Carteria olivieri was found to be ultrastructurally similar to other species of the genus which have been investigated. Major differences include the shape of the apical papilla and the diameter and origin of the pyrenoid tubules.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), labeled with 125I, was used to study the binding properties of hCG to polystyrene beads. The binding capacity of the 0.25-in diameter beads was determined to be approximately 300 mIU/bead. The affinity constant, K, was determined to be essentially O, suggesting that binding is strictly passive. The binding of hCG to polystyrene was proportional to the hCG concentration and temperature. There were highly significant (p<0.001) differences among amounts of hCG bound at 3 C, 25 C and 37 C. There was a highly significant (p<0.001) relationship between the amount of hCG bound and the initial hCG concentration. There did not appear to be any correlation between the percentage of hCG bound and the initial hCG concentration. Attempts to use Staphylococcal Protein A-peroxidase conjugate to detect murine monoclonal antibodies to beta-hCG were not successful.

Larval stages of Proterometra edneyi nomen nudum were obtained from Goniobasis laqueata and prepared for transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The tegument of rediae, cercariae within rediae and mature cercariae were observed to see if any differences occurred in relation to enivronmental and functional factors. The tegument was found to be similar in organization to that previously reported for other trematodes. Rediae were found to have patterned, folded teguments with many small microvilli indicative of the function of this surface to absorb nutrients. Microvilli were also present on the tegument of the cercarial body within the rediae along with infoldings for increased surface area. Tegument of the mature cercarial body was smooth, reflecting the change in nutrient acquisition at maturity. Papillae, probably sensory in function, were present on the anterior portion of the cercarial tail. as seen with transmission electron microscopy, the tegument in this area seemed more vesicular than in other areas. The tegument of the stem region was composed of many projections which would increase the surface aiding in absorption of nutrients. This increased surface area could also be involved with respiratory exchange once outside of the snail. The tegument of the furcae was invaginated and the interior appeared more muscular, relating to their locomotive function. The tegumental differences observed in P. edneyi appeared to correspond to the environment and functional states of the larval stages.

The present taxonomical study was undertaken with the view of obtaining additional information on the occurrence and distribution of algae in Kentucky. The investigation was begun in February 1934 under the direction of Dr. H.L. Stephens of the Western Kentucky State Teachers College. During the next three months 110 collections of algae were made and analyzed.

A large degree of variation in fiber tracheid length, wood specific gravity, and time of apical bud formation existed within two populations of Liquidambar styraciflua L. from south central Kentucky. The variation exhibited by these populations may be attributed to the self-sterility of Liquidambar and the variable environment of south central Kentucky. Variation of fiber tracheid length and wood specific gravity within the two populations was significant. Fiber tracheid length was dependent on temperature and photoperiod while wood specific gravity was primarily dependent on temperature. A significant level of variation was also evident between the two populations regarding tracheid length. Phenologically the populations shod a very large amount of variation in the total number of hours darkness required for bud formation. A pattern of decreasing photoperiods resulting in a decrease in the total number of hours darkness required for bud formation is also suggested. Limited studies revealed a period of cold temperature is required for bud bursting.

A circadian rhythm in eye sensitivity to light has been previously reported for Leucophaea maderae. Temporal changes in eye cell morphology that could be correlated with those changes in eye sensitivity to light were examined. Rhabdom area, screening pigment organization and palisade layer area about the rhabdom were the parameters measured to detect structural change through time. Measurements of those parameters from tissue samples obtained from the anterior one-third of compound eyes surgically removed at midday, light offset, midnight and light onset from roaches entrained to a 12-h light / 12-h dark photoperiodic cycle were used to assess the daily pattern of morphological changes. Eyes were removed at subjective midday and subjective midnight from roaches free-running under constant conditions of temperature and darkness to detect circadian changes. All roaches received food and water ad libitum. Tissue samples were fixed, embedded, sectioned and the sections were examined and photographed using a Zeiss transmission electron microscope to test for time-related morphological differences. The extent of pigment organization was determined by counting the number of pigment granules found within a 10µm diameter circle centered about the rhabdom. The rhabdom area and the palisade layer area were determined by the Jandel PC3-D computer program. The rhabdom area did not vary throughout the day. The organization of screening pigment granules and the palisade layer area did vary on a daily basis. In animals maintained under constant environmental conditions the rhythm of the organization of the pigment granules did not persist. In contrast, temporal changes in the palisade layer area did persist for three cycles with a pattern similar to that in roaches held under LD12:12 and thus could be considered a circadian rhythm controlled by a pacemaker.