abstract: Research and development of organic materials and devices for electronic applications has become an increasingly active area. Display and solid-state lighting are the most mature applications and, and products have been commercially available for several years as of this writing. Significant efforts also focus on materials for organic photovoltaic applications. Some of the newest work is in devices for medical, sensor and prosthetic applications. Worldwide energy demand is increasing as the population grows and the standard of living in developing countries improves. Some studies estimate as much as 20% of annual energy usage is consumed by lighting. Improvements are being made in lightweight, flexible, rugged panels that use organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), which are particularly useful in developing regions with limited energy availability and harsh environments. Displays also benefit from more efficient materials as well as the lighter weight and ruggedness enabled by flexible substrates. Displays may require different emission characteristics compared with solid-state lighting. Some display technologies use a white OLED (WOLED) backlight with a color filter, but these are more complex and less efficient than displays that use separate emissive materials that produce the saturated colors needed to reproduce the entire color gamut. Saturated colors require narrow-band emitters. Full-color OLED displays up to and including television size are now commercially available from several suppliers, but research continues to develop more efficient and more stable materials. This research program investigates several topics relevant to solid-state lighting and display applications. One project is development of a device structure to optimize performance of a new stable Pt-based red emitter developed in Prof Jian Li's group. Another project investigates new Pt-based red, green and blue emitters for lighting applications and compares a red/blue structure with a red/green/blue structure to produce light with high color rendering index. Another part of this work describes the fabrication of a 14.7" diagonal full color active-matrix OLED display on plastic substrate. The backplanes were designed and fabricated in the ASU Flexible Display Center and required significant engineering to develop; a discussion of that process is also included. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Materials Science and Engineering 2017

The molecular design, synthesis, spectroscopic and photophysical characterization of a series of cyanostilbene-based compounds are studied in this thesis. The thermal, electrochemical and aggregation induced emission (AIE) properties of these cyanostilbene-based compounds, as well as their application in organic lighting-emitting diodes, live cell imaging, chemical vapor sensor were investigated. Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction on the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) behavior of the conventional organic luminogens and the discovery and proposed mechanism of AIE phenomenon. Furthermore, some examples and the applications of these AIE compounds will be discussed. In Chapter 2, triphenylamine- and carbazole-containing cyanostilbene-based derivatives are presented. From the examination of the emission profile, they are all AIE-active through comparison of the photoluminescence intensity in dissolved and in aggregated states. Additionally, the calculation of the enhancement ratio (I/I0 – 1) of each fluorophore was performed in order to quantify its AIE effect. One of our cyanostilbene-based luminogens has achieved an enhancement ratio with a value of 1128. This cyanostilbene-based luminogens has also shown good performance in OLED investigation. In addition to the OLEDs application, the selected cyanostilbene-based luminogens with solid-state emission, cell-permeability and reversible switch-on/off capability have illustrated the positive result in live-cell imaging and chemical vapor sensing. Conjugated polymer with high molecular weight is the superior option by overcoming the weaknesses of low-molecular-weight luminogens with excellent thin-film form ability and comparatively simple and inexpensive fabrication processes. The design and synthesis of the cyanostilbene-based polymeric chromophores are described in Chapter 3. The polymerization of the AIE-active diacetylene ligands by connection of trans-[Pt(PBu3)2] unit at both ends has successfully retained their AIE behavior. In contrast, the ACQ problem has occurred on the polymers with organic spacers and the AIE-active ligands. From the DFT calculation on the Pt polymers and the blue shift of emission spectra in high water content suggested that the AIE phenomenon of Pt polymers is probably originated from the elimination of the non-radiative intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) process. Owing to the high demand in red-emitting materials in the applications of electroluminescent devices, fluorescent sensing and bio-imaging, effort has been made to design a system with the new chromophores with donor (D) – acceptor (A) system and thus to synthesize phenothiazine (D)-containing cyanostilbene (A)-based derivatives which are depicted in Chapter 4. Consistent with the conventional AIE-active luminogens with a successively climb of photoluminescence intensities in response to the increase of water proportion, phenothiazine-containing cyanostilbene-based derivatives has exhibited a V-shape fashion of emission intensity. It suggests that the emission of chromophores started to be quenched due to the increase of solvent polarity, overriding that of the molecular aggregation when a “small” volume of water is being introduced. While aggregate formation was dominant from the addition of a “large” amount of poor solvent, less polar local environment was created which suppressed the non-radiative transition to the ICT state and intensified the emission efficiency. Phenothiazine (D) – cyanostilbene (A) system has created a series of red-emitting chromophores with great tunability for the sake of achieving the desired emission color and better emission efficiency. To functionalize these AIE-active cyanostilbene-based chromophores, pyridine group was attached to the compounds to take the advantage of its metal-chelating capability, which is discussed in Chapter 5. The AIE features of cyanostilbene-based compounds can be preserved after the introduction of the pyridyl unit. Even it possessed a weak photoluminescence in its dilute solution which suggest that the high electron delocalization within the molecule has rigidified the structure to some extent, it is transformed to a highly emissive state with a high proportion of water. The exclusive variation of emission behavior with obvious bathochromic shift and boost of emission spectrum in the presence of cadmium-(II) ion has demonstrated its potential metal ion sensing ability. Chapter 6 and 7 present the concluding remarks and the experimental data of the compounds of Chapter 2 to 5, respectively.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:49:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 10196.pdf: 3238659 bytes, checksum: f29ba4edf822c7281b6254e30d189680 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Intituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:49:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 10198.pdf: 2777156 bytes, checksum: 6e1e2c70e93aaa5f027c563bbe4dd7ce (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:48:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09596.pdf: 3052807 bytes, checksum: 41af613cb1752dbfc81ea600b3f30405 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Intituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo

Este trabalho propõe a utilização de dois conversores de estágio único e elevado fator de potência para acionar LEDs de potência sem a utilização de capacitores eletrolíticos no barramento CC. Ambas as topologias podem operar com entrada universal, dimerização da corrente de saída e comando auto-oscilante. No entanto o número de dispositivos semicondutores é maior em relação aos conversores estáticos de energia convencionais. A correção do fator de potência do primeiro conversor proposto é obtida através de uma conexão direta realizada por um indutor inserido entre o estágio inversor de saída e dois capacitores conectados antes do estágio retificador de entrada criando um caminho alternativo para a corrente fornecida pela fonte de alimentação CA entre estes estágios. O segundo conversor realiza a correção do fator de potência através de dois indutores acoplados magneticamente conectados na entrada da ponte retificadora. Estes indutores também operam em conjunto com os dois capacitores de entrada e, por possuírem acoplamento subtrativo, processam energia de forma complementar propiciando um volume de núcleo reduzido em relação ao indutor da primeira topologia proposta. Em ambas as topologias apresentadas, a corrente da fonte de alimentação CA fornece energia instantânea com o dobro da frequência de comutação aplicada ao estágio inversor, permitindo a redução do filtro LC necessário na entrada do sistema. As correntes contínuas aplicadas aos LEDs das duas topologias são obtidas através de pontes retificadoras com filtros capacitivos conectados entre os estágios inversores e os pontos centrais de dois capacitores dos barramentos CC. Resultados de simulação e experimentais utilizando 12 LEDs conectados em série com potência total de 45 W, alimentados em 127 V e 220 V são apresentados para validarem as metodologias de projetos propostas. / Two single-stages high-power-factors converters without DC bus electrolytic capacitors for power LEDs applications are proposed in this work. The power factor correction of the first proposed topology is obtained through direct link of one boost inductor connected between the output inverter stage and two capacitors placed before of input bridge rectifier. In the second proposed lighting system, the power factor correction is performed by two magnetically coupled inductors placed at input bridge rectifier that also operate with the two input capacitors and the output inverter stage. In this case, the coupled inductors magnetic fluxes are complementary and their core is reduced when compared with the inductor of the first proposal. In both converters the input voltage provides instantaneous ripple current with twice switching frequency of the output inverter and the input filter inductor is reduced. To obtain continuous current on the LEDs, one output rectifier placed between output inverter stage and a neutron point (NP) of the two DC bus capacitors is used. The LEDS current is limited by a serie inductor. Through steady-state operation the main theorical waveforms as well as the converters design methodologies are presented. To verify the theoretical analysis carried out, simulation and experimental results are also presented. To verify the theoretical analysis, also simulation and experimental results using 12 LEDs connected in series with a power of 45 W, suplied at 127 V and 220 V are presented to validate the methodology proposed projects.

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been considered as the future lighting and display system and rapidly growing since 1987. It has been already used in many commercial applications such as OLED televisions, cell phone displays, and lighting systems. The OLED has higher luminous efficiency and extremely thinner layer compare to any other lighting devices, also it has flexibility and self-emission. However, there are still some drawbacks for the device performances such as lifetime especially on blue organic films, cost of manufacturing process, and moisture that we need to work on before wide-scale commercialization like LCD or LED. This thesis has focused on developing a charge distribution such as deriving empirical equations in multi-emissive layer OLED, improving external quantum efficiency (EQE) and lowering roll-off. Key results are summarized as follows: (1)We seek to establish a quantitative method to estimate the holes and electrons ratio in the recombination zones. The result shows a trend in the charge recombination ratio depending on the hole and electron transport layer (HTL/ETL) thickness. We obtained an empirical relationship between electron/hole transport layer thicknesses and emission ratio in emissive layer (EML). In addition, the electroluminescence (EL) spectra were analyzed by fitting a Gaussian distribution for the two emissive layers to calculate the intensity ratio of the energy transitions. The arrival time of hole and electrons from each electrode was determined using the thickness and mobility of NPB as hole transport layer and TPBi as electron transport layer. From these initial results, we derived an empirical mechanism to meet with an exponential relationship that can allow us to design custom- made OLEDs. (2)We fabricated White OLEDs in which the emissive layers are chemically doped with blue and red fluorescent dopants of BUBD-1 and DCJTB. This work continues by estimating of emission ratio between red and blue emissive layers by changing the thicknesses of HTL and ETL. The recombination of charge carriers was first identified the location and then we derived an empirical equation for peak intensity ratio of EL spectra with respect to thickness of the HTL/ETL to determine how recombination zone depends on the HTL and ETL thickness. The EL spectra of WOLEDs were fitted with a Gaussian distribution for the two emissive layers using host-dopant system and intensity ratio of blue and red emission peak is 61:39 when thickness of HTL and ETL are 80nm and 20nm, respectively. Also, this intensity ratio of blue and red emission peak (61:39) has the CIE color coordinates of (0.34, 0.40). We obtained a preliminary relationship between thickness of electron/hole transport layer and ratio of two emission peaks. (3)The improved external quantum efficiency (EQE) and reduced roll-off properties of blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLEDs), were obtained with structure, ITO/NPB (40 nm)/TCTA (20 nm)/mCP:FIrpic (7%)(30 nm)/TPBi (30 nm)/Liq (2 nm)/Al (80 nm) by incorporating a TCTA inter-layer. We compared the properties of BCP and TPBi as the ETL with a typical structure of HTL/ EML/ETL in OLEDs and utilized inter-layer in the optimized structure to enhance EQE to 52% at 5.5 V, also stabilize the roll-off of 63%. The use of inter-layer in blue PHOLEDs exhibits a current efficiency of 10.04 cd/A, an EQE of 6.20% at 5.5 V and the highest luminance of 10310 cd/m2 at 9.5 V.

Orientador: Lourenço Correr Sobrinho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T09:04:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alves_ElianeBemerguy_D.pdf: 642464 bytes, checksum: a986353a680e6d427281d2a4f0c5d3e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a adaptação marginal e a dureza Knoop da resina Filtek Z250, cor A2 (3M-ESPE) utilizada para restaurar 90 cavidades, com margens em dentina, confeccionadas na face vestibular de incisivos bovinos, empregando três técnicas e três métodos de fotoativação. As cavidades foram padronizadas com dimensões de 3mm no sentido mesio-distal; 3mm no sentido inciso-cervical e 1,5mm de profundidade. Os grupos, com 10 restaurações cada, foram divididos de acordo com a técnica de fotoativação: direta; transdental ou mista, e método de fotoativação, que correspondem a variações na fonte de luz: halógena com 600mW/cm² (XL 2500/3M), arco de plasma de xenônio com 1340mW/cm² (Apollo 95E/DMD) e LED com 500mW/cm² (Ultrablue IS/DMC). Os tempos para cada etapa de fotoativação foram estabelecidos em 20s para os aparelhos fotoativadores Ultrablue IS e XL 2500 e 9s para o Apollo 95E. A análise da adaptação marginal foi realizada em fotos digitais, obtidas das superfícies das restaurações, após 24 horas de armazenagem, polimento padronizado e pigmentação com vermelho ácido a 1% em propileno glicol (Caries Detector- Kuraray). Foi utilizado o programa analisador de imagens, UTHSCSA - Image Tool, tendo como referência a medida de 1mm de um paquímetro digital (Mitutoyo, Japão) escaneado junto com cada restauração. As medidas de dureza Knoop foram obtidas no topo e na base da restauração, usando o microdurômetro HMV 2 (Shimadzu-Japão) com carga de 50 gramas atuando por 15 segundos. Em cada corpo-de-prova foram feitas seis endentações. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (5%) e mostraram que independente do tipo de unidade fotoativadora, o emprego da técnica mista reduziu o percentual de fendas entre o material restaurador e o dente, determinando melhor adaptação marginal em relação à técnica direta, sendo que a técnica transdental não diferiu estatisticamente das demais. A adaptação marginal não foi influenciada pelas diferentes unidades de fotoativação utilizadas neste estudo, quando comparadas dentro da mesma técnica. A técnica de fotoativação direta apresentou as maiores médias de dureza em relação à mista e transdental, sendo que a transdental apresentou os menores valores de dureza. Independente da técnica de fotoativação empregada, o aparelho LED (Ultrablue IS) apresentou os maiores valores de dureza em relação ao Apollo 95E. Nenhuma diferença estatística foi observada nos valores de dureza Knoop entre os aparelhos LED e XL 2500 e XL 2500 e Apollo 95E / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate marginal adaptation and Knoop hardness of the resin Filtek Z250 A2 (3M-ESPE). Ninety cavities, with margins in dentine, in the vestibular face of incisive bovine teeth were restored using three techniques and three photoactivation methods. The cavities were standardized with dimensions: 3mm mesio-distal; 3mm incisive-cervical, and 1.5mm deep. The groups, with 10 restorations each, were divided according to the photoactivation technique: direct; transdental or mixed, and method of photoactivation that correspond to variations in the light source: halogen light with 600mW/cm² (XL 2500/3M), xenon plasma arc with 1340 mW/cm² (Apollo 95E/DMD) and LED with 500mW/cm² (Ultrablue IS/DMC). The periods for each photoactivation stage were established in 20s for the units Ultrablue IS and XL 2500 and 9 s for the Apollo 95E. Marginal adaptation analysis was carried out in digital photografy, obtained from the surfaces of restorations, 24 hours after storage, with standard polish and with red acid pigmentation at 1% in propylene glycol (Cáries Detector - Kuraray). The program image analyzer, UTHSCSA - Image Tool was used , having as reference the measure of 1mm of a digital caliper (Mitutoyo, Japan) scanned with each restoration. The measures of Knoop hardness were obtained on the top and on the base of the restoration, using the microhardness unit HMV 2 (Shimadzu-Japan) with load of 50 grams for 15 seconds. In each specimen were made six indentations. The data were submitted to the Analysis of Variance and the averages compared by Tukey's test (5%) and showed that independent of the type of photoactivating unit the use of the mixed technique reduced the percentile of gaps between the restoring material and the tooth, determining better marginal adaptation in relation to the direct technique. The transdental technique did not differ statistically from the others. The marginal adaptation was not influenced by the different photoactivation units used in this study, when compared inside the same technique. The technique of direct photoactivation showed the highest averages of hardness in relation to the mixed and transdental ones, and the transdental presented the lowest hardness values. Independent of the photoactivation technique used, the Ultrablue IS nit presented the highest hardness values in relation to Apollo 95E. No statistical difference was observed on hardness values between the units Ultrablue IS and XL 2500 and XL 2500 and Apollo 95E / Doutorado / Materiais Dentarios / Doutor em Materiais Dentários