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The demand and need for alternative obstruction marking has become a significant challenge for the wind power development in Sweden. While the development of wind turbines pushes for higher heights, the need to denote them as possible obstacles for aviation increase. To reduce undesired effects of the aviation warning lights in the landscape, various technologies for reducing the light emitted have been developed. One of these technologies control the lights’ output by dimming them based on measurements of the prevailing visibility in the vicinity of the wind farm.Visibility controlled obstruction lighting has not yet been used in Swedish wind farms. This thesis will investigate how a system can be applied from different viewpoints and what would be gained in a wind farm in northern Sweden.By reviewing literature, interviewing key-persons, studying a case with application of Finnish regulations and estimating the performance during different conditions, and discussing the results, conclusions could be drawn. The findings are general recommendations for acceptance, an aviation risk that need to be considered, indications of preferable regulation applications and approximations of the performance and possible gain.

As of today, around 19% of all electricity that is produced around the world goes toward lighting roads and cities. The light is also produced in a wasteful manner, creating disturbances in nature as well as for people. Recent developments in light emitting diodes offers remedy to these problems but the technology needs a proper revision of street lighting’s purposes. Light emitting diodes use a fraction of the energy needed for previous lighting methods. They offer unique implementation opportunities in physical construction as well as being highly controllable which makes them highly adaptable. The thesis looks at how aesthetics can be used to optimally introduce the upcoming worldwide installation of the new technology. Its unique characteristics were looked at and used to create a Korean styled luminaire and an interactive street lighting system in two separate design processes. The results of the developments were firstly, a modular luminaire which combines Korean architectural aesthetics with a cost effective construction. The second result was an interactive urban street lighting system which suggests a dimmable lighting that through an adaptable computer control responds to pedestrians’ presences. This is a master’s thesis (D7014A) is a project in product design at the education of industrial design engineering at Luleå University of Technology and is worth 30 credits. The project spanned 20 weeks during the spring semester of 2016. The project was conducted in collaboration with Pukyong National University’s industrial design department, in Busan, South Korea. / Omkring 19% av all elektricitet som produceras idag runtom i världen åtgår till att belysa vägar och städer. Ljuset som produceras även i ett slösaktigt utförande som skapar störningar i natur såväl som för människor. Nya utvecklingar kring ljusdioder kan bringa bot till dessa problem men teknologin kräver en passande revision av gatubelysningars roller i samhället. Dioderna använder nämligen en bråkdel av energin äldre belysningsmetoder kräver och medför en revolution i fysiska implementeringsmöjligheter medans de även låter sig kontrolleras till en hög grad. Dessa egenskaper gör att de har en oöverträffad anpassningsbarhet. Examensarbetet ser till hur estetik kan användas för att optimalt introducera lamporna i den världomfattande installationen dem. Lampornas unika möjligheter undersöktes och användes till att utveckla ett Koreansk-inspirerat gatulyse och ett interaktivt belysningssystem i två separata designprocesser. Resultatet av utvecklingarna var först, en modulbaserad armatur med en kostnadseffektiv konstruktion. Det andra resultatet var ett interaktivt stadsbelynsingssystem som föreslår ett dämpningsbart system vilket genom en adapterbar dator svarar på fotgängares närvaro. Detta examensarbete (D7014A) är ett projekt inom industriell design på utbildningen Teknisk design vid Luleå Tekniska Universitet och innefattar 30 högskolepoäng. Projektet sträckte sig över 20 veckor under vårterminen 2016. Arbetet utfördes i samarbete med Pukyong National Universitys institution för industriell design i Busan, Sydkorea.

Street lighting is an important aspect of infrastructure in terms of both safety and comfort, but it also consumes a lot of energy. Unused light is a waste of energy, and without any form of control of the street lighting, this problem will continue to increase along with the expansion of road networks. The aim of this thesis is to propose an intelligent control system for street lighting that can adapt to the velocity of individual road users, to investigate if this could provide ways to improve the efficiency of street lighting. Previous control approaches include systems based on ambient light intensity or presence of road users, but no studies were found in which illumination adapts to the velocity of road users. The project involves three main steps, including a literature review, a system implementation and evaluation. In the proposed system, street lights cooperate to detect road users and calculate their velocities in order to adapt the illumination and make it follow their movement. It can be concluded from the evaluation results that the velocity readings help further optimize the illumination control in comparison to systems that do not consider velocity. The velocity readings make it possible to only illuminate the roadway in the direction of travel, while also adapting the distance of illumination to the recorded speed. The proposed control scheme is considered a viable solution for reducing the amount of unused light, consequently reducing the energy consumption of street lighting.

Master of Science / Department of Architectural Engineering / Fred Hasler and Russ Murdock / The correlation between natural and artificial lighting and the human circadian rhythm was researched to determine how changing artificial lighting design could improve the working environment in healthcare facilities. Research showed that human circadian rhythm is largely influenced by daylight and the accompanying light color (CCT) change in a day. Consequently, healthcare providers who are not exposed to daylight are isolated from this natural indicator. This can disjoint their circadian cycles from a normal rhythm and lead to physiological and psychological complications. Daylighting and standard artificial lighting design conditions were observed at Mercy Regional Medical Center (MRMC) in Manhattan, Kansas,. Then, healthcare providers at MRMC were anonymously surveyed about their perceived alertness throughout a typical working shift . The data was charted and plotted against a normal circadian rhythm to demonstrate whether a normal or disjointed cycle was experienced by healthcare providers. The comparison of this data to observed lighting conditions exhibited the necessary influence of daylight on achieving a normal circadian rhythm. This study reinforced the information available from many other sources connecting healthcare lighting and the circadian rhythm. Working on this premise, research suggested two lighting designs that would improve the working environment in healthcare facilities. The first of these would be the inclusion of circadian rooms. Special rooms in a healthcare facility would be available to staff in order to provide light therapy. Short wavelength blue light, experienced at optimal times throughout a shift, would act as stimulants (similar to daylight cues), adjusting employees' circadian cycles to normal when daylight exposure was unattainable. Alternately, a healthcare facility working on set, not-staggered, shifts could incorporate a variable lighting system. This system would rely on specialized lights to alter light color (CCT) throughout a shift to mimic daylight rhythms. Accordingly, staff would be exposed to daylighting cues from artificial sources and experience normal circadian rhythms.

Master of Science / Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering / Anil Pahwa / This research project builds upon previous work related to intelligent and energy efficient lighting in modern street and outdoor lighting systems. The concept of implementing modern smart grid technologies such as the proposed Street & Outdoor Lighting Intelligent Monitoring System (SOLIMS) is developed. A random sample of photocells from two municipal electric power systems is used to collect data of the actual on/off times of random photocells versus Civil Twilight (sunrise/sunset) times. A business case was developed using the data collected from the observations to support an electric utility company’s implementation of SOLIMS as an alternative to current operations. The goal of the business case is to demonstrate energy and capacity savings, reduced maintenance and operating costs, and lower carbon emissions.

O serviço de iluminação pública no Brasil é prestado pelos municípios e concessionárias de energia elétrica. Do ponto de vista institucional, este serviço é regulamentado por leis, decretos e resoluções, e do ponto de vista técnico, por normas específicas, que foram analisadas neste trabalho. Especial ênfase foi dada à análise dos conflitos de interesse entre os principais prestadores deste serviço e as propostas de mediação, com base na revisão do regulamento específico sobre o fornecimento de energia elétrica para iluminação pública, proposta pela Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica ANEEL. Apresentamos ainda uma análise sobre a regulamentação geral das tarifas de energia elétrica e, em particular, sobre as tarifas de iluminação pública. No primeiro caso, fizemos uma revisão conceitual da teoria dos custos marginais, para determinação da estrutura tarifária, e apresentamos um exemplo de aplicação da metodologia adaptada no Brasil para o cálculo das tarifas de iluminação pública. No segundo, discutimos os três tipos de tarifas adotados na iluminação pública e as controvérsias na aplicação das mesmas por parte das concessionárias. A cobrança dos serviços aos usuários por meio da taxa de Iluminação Pública, foi analisada com base na teoria econômica e nos princípios tributários aplicados a essa espécie de tributo. Sob a ótica de cada ator, identificamos as oportunidades e barreiras para eficiência energética, em particular na iluminação pública, setor (ou segmento) que no Brasil apresenta um potencial técnico de conservação de energia elétrica estimado em 553 MW. Este potencial equivale a uma redução de 23% na potência total instalada nos sistemas de iluminação pública, com a substituição de aproximadamente 10,8 milhões de lâmpadas. Finalmente, realizamos um estudo de caso na cidade de João Pessoa, capital do Estado da Paraíba. Os resultados deste estudo registraram uma redução de 43% no consumo de energia elétrica no sistema de iluminação pública, pela substituição dos equipamentos existentes por outros mais eficientes. Com base nesses resultados, concluímos que a eficiência energética e a gestão adequada dos sistemas de iluminação pública podem contribuir para reduzir a demanda de energia elétrica, melhorar a qualidade dos serviços e minimizar os impactos sociais e ambientais produzidos pela construção e operação de novas usinas de geração de energia elétrica. Para tal, devem-se adotar estratégias que conciliem os interesses entre os principais atores e eliminem as barreiras existentes. Acreditamos que essa meta seria conseguida pela maior participação dos agentes públicos e privados e principalmente pelo aperfeiçoamento da legislação de incentivo à eficiência energética. / Public lighting in Brazil is a service provided by cities and by utilities. From the institutional point of view this service is regulated through laws, codes, and resolutions, and from the technical point of view, it is regulated through specific rules and guides, which were analyzed in this work. Special emphasis was given to both, the analysis of the conflict of interests among the main provides of this service, and to proposals of mediation, based on the review of the specific regulation about the electrical energy supply for public lighting, proposed by the National Agency for Electrical Energy (ANEEL). We also present an analysis about general regulation of electrical energy tariffs, and, in particular, about public lighting tariffs. Regarding the general regulation, we performed a conceptual review about marginal costs theory, used for the determination of the tariff structure, and presented an example of methodology application, used in Brazil for the calculation of public lighting tariffs. Concerning the public lighting tariffs, we discussed the 3 types of tariffs and controversies about their use by utilities. These services are charged to consumers through the public lighting fees, which were also analyzed based on economic theory and the taxing principles. From the perspective of each actor, we identified opportunities and barriers for the energy efficiency. In public lighting, a technical saving potential amounting to 558MW was estimated for Brazil, by improving efficiency of approximately 10,8 million lamps, out of a total of 13 million lamps currently installed. This potential is equivalent to a 23% reduction in total peak demand required by currently installed public lighting system. Finally, we performed a case study for the city of João Pessoa, the capital of Paraiba State. The results of this study showed a reduction of 43% in the consumption of electrical energy in the public lighting system, through the substitution of the existing equipment by more efficient one. Based on these results, we concluded that the energy efficiency and adequate management of the public lighting systems could contribute to reduce the demand of electrical energy, to improve quality of services and to minimize the social and environmental impacts due to construction and operation of new electric power plants. To achieve this goal, new strategies to conciliate interests among the main actors and to eliminate existent barrier should be adopted. We believe that these strategies could be reached though stronger engagement of public and private agents and, mainly, by enacting adequate legislation and by stimulating energy efficiency.

Thesis. 1976. M.Arch.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Rotch. / Bibliography: p.119-120. / M.Arch.

Orientador: João Roberto Gomes de Faria / Banca: Luís Carlos Paschoarelli / Banca: João Alberto Camarotto / Resumo: A ergonomia é uma área do conhecimento que tem como um de seus principais objetivos a análise de situações de trabalho, a fim de definir parâmetros e propostas de transformações que viabilizem o conforto, a segurança e a eficiência no trabalho. Assim, projeta e/ou adapta situações de trabalho, compatíveis com as capacidades e os limites do homem. Dentre os diversos critérios que descrevem a análise ergonômica do trabalho a iluminação, como condição ambiental, quando mal projetada e distribuída pode refletir sobre as condições de trabalho, afetando a saúde e a eficiência dos trabalhadores, repercutindo inclusive na produtividade. Diante do exposto este trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso por meio da avaliação das condições de iluminação de espaços de trabalho em quatro salas do escritório central de uma empresa de reflorestamento, inserida no contexto urbano de u ma cidade de porte médio em Minas Gerais. Os métodos utilizados basearam-se em observações, medições da iluminação, além da utilização de questionários. Os parâmetros de iluminação foram aplicados em quatro salas distintas em tamanho, distribuição de luminárias e número de usuários. Através de dados quantitativos, verificou-se a relação dos valore de iluminância real das salas, nas condições em que as mesmas são utilizadas com os valores indicados e sugeridos nas Normas. Na avaliação qualitativa levou-se em conta a interação entre o usuário e o ambiente iluminado, e nesse sentido, as boas condições de visão para o correto desempenho de tarefas. Com os dados e resultados abordados, pretende-se contribuir para a melhoria das condições de trabalho e design do ambiente construído com consequente aumento da eficiência dos trabalhadores subsidiando uma abordagem que privilegia o contexto real além de construir um diagrama... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Ergonomics is an area of knowledge that has as one of its main objectives the analysis of work situations in order to set parameters and proposed changes that allow the confort, safety and work efficiency. Thus designs and or adapting work situations consistent with the capabilities an limitations of man. Among the several criteria that describe the ergonomic analysis of work lilghting and environmental conditions, affecting the health and efficiency of workers, including impacting on productivity. In this light this paper presents a case study through the evaluation of the lighting conditions of work spaces in four rooms of the headquarters of a company reflorestation, inserted in the urban context o a medium sized city in Minas Gerais. The methods used were based on observations, measurements of the illumination, and the use of questionnaires. The lighting parameters were applied in four different rooms in size, distribution of lamps and number of usrs. Through quantitative data, there was a relation ship between the iluminance values of real rooms, he conditions under which they are used with the values shown and suggested in the standarts. The qualitative assessment took in to account the interaction betwenn the user and an illuminated environment, and in that sense, good viewing condition for the proper performance of tasks. With the data and results discussed, we intend to contribute to the improvement of working conditions and design of the built environment with consequent increased efficiency of subsidizing workers a approach that focuses on real context and build a diagram of relationships between variables that serve as basis for further studies addressing the discussion of the effectiveness of the lighting... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para o uso eficiente de iluminação para os setores residencial e de iluminação publica, num contexto de planejamento integrado de recursos, para a área da empresa eletrica Ambato S.A.RCN. concessionaria do serviço de energia elétrica da região central do Equador. E compreende a caracterização dos usos finais de energia e das curvas de carga, a avaliação das redes de distribuição e a análise dos programas de gerenciamento da demanda (GLD) e sua comparação com as alternativas de oferta. A caracterização dos usos finais de energia elétrica e das curvas de carga para a cidade de Ambato, foi realizada a partir da pesquisa de campo realizada para a cidade de Cuenca no ano de 1991, pelo Instituto Equatoriano de Eletrificação (INECEL), mediante a análise dos aspectos geográficos, climáticos, socio-econômicos e dos consumos de energia eletrica por estrato, obtidos das concessionárias das duas regiões. Avaliações técnicas e econômicas das redes primárias de distribuição existentes foram realizadas, sugerindo um plano de obras, para manter e melhorar a qualidade e confiabilidade do serviço. Os programas de GLD analisados compreendem a substituição das lâmpadas incandescentes de 60W pelas fluorescentes compactas de 15W (ilum) no setor residencial, e a troca das lâmpadas de vapor de mercúrio pelas de vapor de sódio, sendo T1 (125Hg-70Na); T2 (175Hg100Na); e T3 (250Hg-150Na), no setor deiluminação pública. O custo de energia conservada (CEC) foi de 25,2 US$/lVlWh para ilum; de 6,4 US$lMWh para T1; de 24,9 US$/MWh para T2; e de -21,7 US$/MWh para T3, e 0 indice de efetividade de custo (IEC) obtido foi de -0,75 para T3; de 0,88 para T2; de 0,23 para T1; e 0,41 na ilum. Os resultados indicam que com a implementação destes programas de gerenciamento pelo lado da demanda (GLD) em iluminação, pode-se evitar uma demanda total de 9,8 MW (8%) e obter uma diminuição do consumo de energia de 44,6 GWh (8,6%) para o ano de 2008. / This work presents a proposal for the improvement of energy efficiency in the residential and public lighting, under an integrated by using an resource planning framewoñt, for the Ambato electric utility region in Ecuador. Energy end-uses and load curves were characterized, distribuition system grid was evaluated, demand side management (DSM) programs were analized and compared to supply options. Energy end-uses and load curves for the Ambato area were estimated from a field research, conducted for the Cuenca area in 1991 by the Ecuadorian Electric Institute (INECEL), aftera comparison of geographic, ctimatic, socio-economic data and energy consumtion by range for both, Ambato and Cuenca, utilities. As a result of an assessment of distribuition system grid, aiming at maintainnig and inproving service quality and reliability, a work plan was developed. DSM programs evaiuated included substitution of 15W compact uorescent lamp (CFL) for 60W incandesoent lamps - (ilum), in residential sector, and substitution of 70W (T1), 100W (T 2) and 150W (T3) sodium (Na) lamps for 125W, 175W and 250W mercury (Hg) lamps respectivility in public lighting. Cost saved of energy is estimated at 25,2 US$fMWh for CFL lamps and 6,4 US$/NIWh for TOW , 24,9 US$Ilill\\Nl\'| for 100W and -21,7 US$/MWh for 150W sodium lamps; cost effectiveness factors are: of -0,75 for T3; 0,88 for T2; 0,23 for T1 and 0,41 for ilum. Results show that DSM programs many allow, by the year 2008, a reduction of 9,8 MW (8%) in peak power and reduction in energy demand of 44,6 GWh (8,6%).