Göttingen, R.- u. staatswiss. Diss. v. 15. Jan. 1931. / Includes bibliographical references.

Time and its reflection in law This diploma thesis deals with the reflection of time in law. The goal is to capture how time is projected into civil law in regard to the applicable legislation. The thesis is divided into eight chapters, first four of them being general treatises, starting with the fifth chapter and continuing further, all of them are focused on specific one law institution related to time. In the first, general chapter time is defined as a legal event, the difference between time and period is discussed, mandatory principles for this legal area are mentioned, such as principle vigilantibus iura scripta sunt or the principle of honesty. In the part that focuses on specific institutions, are gradually discussed the terms limitation (weakening of a right), lapse (extinguishment of a right), prescription and determination of time. The principle of each institution is discussed first, followed by its characteristics, the difference between the specific institution and other institution and its role in the life of adressees of legal norms. The most thoroughly discussed is the term of limitation with the accent on the essence of this institution, followed by its legal construction, characteristical signs, consequences of vain expiration of the limitation of time, the group of laws that...

Bacteroides fragilis is a member of the normal microbiota that resides in the human lower gastrointestinal tract. This bacterium is of clinical significance because it is the most frequently isolated Gram-negative obligate anaerobe from peritoneal abscesses and bloodstream infections. Human fibrinogen is a hexameric-glycoprotein that is important for fibrin-mediated abscess formation and limiting the spread of infection. B. fragilis can bind and degrade fibrinogen which may aid in its escape from abscesses into the bloodstream, thereby promoting bacteraemia. In addition to fibrinogen, binding of B. fragilis to fibronectin, a component of the extracellular matrix, found in association with fibrinogen at wound sites, has also been reported. An outer membrane protein, BF1705, expressed by B. fragilis was found to share homology with BspA from Tannerella forsythia which is known to bind fibrinogen. The gene encoding BF1705 was deleted from the B. fragilis NCTC 9343 genome in the present work using a markerless gene deletion technology. Proteins derived from the outer membranes of wild-type B. fragilis were able to bind fibronectin and fibrinogen in far-western blots. Similar protein extracts from the ΔBF1705 strain did not bind fibrinogen and fibronectin, which confirms the role of BF1705 in adhesive interactions with proteins of the host extracellular matrix. The possible involvement of BF1705 in fibrinogen degradation was ruled out because the ΔBF1705 strain still degraded fibrinogen. To identify the proteases involved in degradation of fibrinogen, four genes encoding putative extracellular metallo- and serine proteases in the size range 45-50 kDa were deleted from the NCTC 9343 genome. All of the single and multiple mutants defective in these selected proteases were still capable of degrading fibrinogen as determined by zymography. Expression of eight B. fragilis proteases in E. coli did not lead to detectable degradation of fibrinogen. These observations suggest that these proteases alone cannot degrade fibrinogen and either that an unidentified protease is responsible for degradation or that there is redundancy in the proteases involved. Under conditions of nitrogen limitation bacteria resort to scavenging nitrogen from the environment to replenish the depleting intracellular nitrogen content. By examining the differential regulation of the B. fragilis transcriptome under nitrogen replete and depleting conditions, a potential role for BF1705 and secreted proteases in nutrient binding and assimilation were studied. Growth on conventional glucose defined medium with ammonia as the nitrogen source was compared to growth in defined medium with glutamine as nitrogen source. A reduced doubling time and diauxic growth in the medium containing glutamine indicated nitrogen limitation. Comparison of the transcriptome derived from cultures of B. fragilis grown on either ammonia or glutamine by RNA-Seq did not reveal a significant upregulation of BF1705 in response to nitrogen limitation. This observation in conjunction with its inability to degrade fibrinogen suggests that the primary role of BF1705 might be as an adhesin and does not act directly in nutrient binding and degradation. Nevertheless, nitrogen limitation was found to induce the expression of four protease-encoding genes by over a 2-fold (adjusted p value < 0.05). The molecular weight of three of these proteases were identified to be within the size range of 45-55 kDa which corresponded to the lysis bands detected by fibrinogen zymography with wild-type B. fragilis protein extracts. Therefore the possible involvement of these three proteases in fibrinogen degradation could be assessed. A 155-fold upregulation (adjusted p value < 0.05) in asnB, encoding a homologue of asparagine synthetase B, under conditions of nitrogen limitation suggest a previously uncharacterised aspartate metabolism pathway for ammonia generation via arginine catabolism in B. fragilis. Ammonia thus formed might aid in sustaining B. fragilis growth under nitrogen deprived conditions. In addition to nitrogen assimilation, significant upregulation was observed in the expression of genes involved in regulation of oxidative stress and metronidazole resistance. The observed changes in the transcriptome will add to our understanding of the B. fragilis metabolism and potential assist with unravelling the mechanisms of infection mediated by this important opportunistic pathogen.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the economies of size in farming in the Roosevelt- Myton area of the Uintah Basin and to assess their impact on the financial viability of different size farms . This information will be useful in recommending changes to reclamation law. Farmer interviews were used to obtain cos t s of production for 160 , 320, 640 , and 1280 acre farms . The field data were entered into the Oklahoma State Budget Generator to provide the necessary cost breakdown . This in formation was used to derive a curve approximat ing the long run average cost curve and to determine the viability of different farm sizes. Cash flow problems of beginning farmers are discussed. Conclusions are drawn and implications for existing reclamation law are discussed.

No description available.

Nitrification is increasingly of concern in US potable water systems, due to changes from chlorine to chloramine as a secondary disinfectant in order to comply with new regulations for disinfectant by-products. The ammonia that is released from the chloramine decay supports nitrification. A comprehensive literature review systematically examined the complex inter-relationships between nitrification, materials corrosion and metals release. That analysis suggested that nitrification could accelerate decay of chloramine, enhance corrosion of water distribution system materials, and increase leaching of lead and copper to potable water under at least some circumstances. Moreover, that certain plumbing materials would inhibit nitrification, but that in other situations the plumbing materials would enhance nitrification. Experiments verified that nitrification could affect the relative efficacy of chlorine versus chloramine in controlling heterotrophic bacteria in premise plumbing. Without nitrification, chloramine was always more persistent and effective than chlorine in controlling biofilms. But with nitrification and in pipe materials that are relatively non-reactive with chlorine, chloramine was much less persistent and less effective than chlorine. In materials that are reactive with chlorine such as iron pipes, the relative efficacy of chloramine versus chlorine depends on the relative rate of corrosion and rate of nitrification. High rates of corrosion and low rates of nitrification favor the use of chloramine versus free chlorine in controlling bacteria. Plumbing materials had profound impacts on the incidence of nitrification in homes. Effects were due to toxicity (i.e., release of Cu⁺²), recycling of nitrate back to ammonia substrate by reaction (zero-valent iron, lead or zinc materials), or release of nutrients that are essential to nitrification by leaching from concrete or other materials. As a general rule it was determined that concrete and iron materials encouraged growth of nitrifiers in certain oligotrophic waters, materials such as lead, PVC/plastic pipe, glass and surfaces of other materials were readily colonized by nitrifiers, and materials such as copper and brass were very toxic and relatively resistant to nitrifier colonization. Dependent on circumstance, nitrification had no effect, increased or decreased aspects of materials corrosion. Nitrification markedly increased lead contamination of low alkalinity potable water by reducing the pH. In some cases nitrification dramatically decreased leaching of zinc to potable water from galvanized iron, because of lowered dissolved oxygen and reduced pH. Nitrification did not affect copper solubility in low alkalinity water, but is expected to increase copper solubility in higher alkalinity waters. Finally, nitrification in homes plumbed with PVC or plastics can drop the pH and increase leaching of lead from downstream brass materials in faucets. This can explain why some modern homes plumbed with PVC can have more lead in water when compared to homes plumbed with copper pipe. Phosphate had profound impacts on the incidence of nitrification and resulting effects on water quality. While phosphate levels below about 5 ppb could strongly inhibit nitrification due to a nutrient limitation, nitrifiers can obtain sufficient phosphate from plastic, concrete, copper and iron pipe materials to meet nutritional needs. High levels of phosphate inhibitor can reduce the concentration of Cu⁺² ions and make nitrification more likely, but phosphate can also sometimes lower the corrosion rate and increase the stability of disinfectant and its efficacy in controlling nitrifiers. Phosphate plays a key role in determining where, when and if problems with nitrification will occur in a given water distribution system. This work provides some new fundamental and practical insights to nitrification issues through a comprehensive literature review, lab experiments, solubility modeling and field studies. The results and practical tools developed can be used by utilities and consumers to predict nitrification events and resulting water quality problems, and to make rational decisions about practices such as inhibitor dosing, plumbing material selection and use of whole house filters. / Ph. D.

INSTITUT PROMLČENÍ V OBČANSKÉM PRÁVU S PŘIHLÉDNUTÍM K NOVĚ PŘIJATÉMU OZ RESUMÉ IN ENGLISH RESUMÉ IN ENGLISH LIMITATION OF ACTIONS IN CIVIL LAW WITH REGARD TO THE NEWLY ADOPTED CIVIL CODE The limitation of actions is a significant private law institute reflecting an impact of passing of time on rights. Its basic construction remaining almost unchangeable for ages contains a big amount of variables being subject to modification following a direction of private law development. Mentioned above matches the tendency of amendments to the limitation of actions legislation contained in the new civil code. The drift towards liberalization is one of the most obvious tendencies. It manifests itself beside other matters by shifting from obligatory to none-obligatory character of provisions. That matter of fact is being reflected in the new civil code's limitation of actions legislation by entitling the subjects to depart from a prescribed period of limitation length. Another private law inclination being found in the new civil code limitation of actions legislation, might be defined as a protection of a subject having the right reinforcement. It is presented primarily by determining the subjective nature of a general three-year long period of limitation valid for all rights of a property character which are subject to...

In Islamic Sharia law, prescription has been more commonly referred to as murūr al-zamān [the lapse of time]. It has been claimed that the abstract principle of the lapse of time only has the effect of barring a claim and that is not capable of creating and extinguishing the right itself. In the context of Islamic law, this concept of prescription is often ascribed only to the Hanafi and Maliki schools of Sharia law, and it has been claimed that such principle has not been recognized by the Hanbali School. Based on that, my reading shows that, under Saudi jurisdiction (which is principally based on uncodified Hanbali Sharia law), this hypothesis is a key problem as in practice there are many secondary Saudi laws in place applying prescription rules to bar civil actions. Thus, by arguing that such principle has not been recognized by Sharia law as applied in Saudi Arabia, the legality of such provisions would be in question, given the fact that all Saudi enacted laws must conform with Islamic law. Moreover, my analysis argues that in studies of Saudi Hanbali law, prescription has neither been discussed widely nor given serious independent consideration. In the context of Saudi and Hanbali law, issues of prescription have not only been marginalized and minimized, but also inaccuracies and mis-readings are often found in related academic literature. Drawing on findings across various disciplines, including studies of classical and modern Islamic law, as well as legal studies on Saudi and Arab laws, this study presents new readings of the issues of the existence and origins of the legal concept of civil prescription from the perspectives of the Saudi-Hanbali School of law. Moreover, it presents the first comprehensive survey of the extent of implementation of the rules of prescription in the Saudi civil regulations over the last eight decades. Finally, from both theory and practice aspects, the thesis attempts to conclude with a critical analysis of the single ‘negative’ perspective of prescription in both Islamic and Saudi law.

A global increase in atmospheric CO2 and temperature is assumed to affect the marine ecosystems in numerous ways, e.g. by altering ocean circulation patterns and changing nutrient regimes. The changes are expected to impact heavily on both phytoplankton communities as well as the rest of the marine food-web. Based on previous experimental studies that have investigated the impacts of varied algae food-quality on zooplankton, this quantitative study hypothesizes that (i) the tested microzooplankton species Brachionus plicatilis (rotifer) and Euplotes sp. (ciliate) will show high population growth rates (g) when fed with Nannochloropsis sp. grown under nutrient replete conditions, (ii) that the species will show a population growth rate close to zero when fed with algae grown on phosphorous-deficient media and (iii) that microzooplankton will be negatively affected by the algae grown in nitrogen-deficient media. The study thus aims to investigate how changes in the balance of energy and several chemical elements in ecological interactions, ecological stoichiometry, affect the growth rates of algal grazers. The results show that food-independent factors had a large impact on growth rates and resulted in unexpected, deviating trends. However, as the growth rates for B. plicatilis fed with phosphorous-deficient algae were lower than those of B. plicatilis fed with nitrogen-deficient algae, there is some support for the / <p>The paper was written within the research-area of marine biology.</p>

The linear relationship between a conservative element and salinity during mixing of water masses is widely used to study biogeochemistry in estuaries and the oceans. Even though nutrient ratios are widely used to determine the limiting nutrient in aquatic environments, the rules of nutrient ratios change through the mixing of freshwater and seawater are still unstudied. This study provides general rules for nutrient ratios change via mixing. A simple mixing model is developed with the aims to illustrate that nutrient ratio is a nonlinear function of salinity, thus, shift in limiting nutrient over the salinity gradient can be simply a result of river water and seawater mixing, albeit complicated by biological consumption or remineralization. This model explains a natural phenomenon that rivers contain relatively high dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) to soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) ratios start to decrease the ratios as salinity increases when seawater contains higher SRP:DIN ratios. Although additional sources of P have been implicated as the cause for such change, this change can be a result of riverine water and seawater mixing. Four mixing rules are presented here to explain the factors governing the change in nutrient ratios vs. salinity; thus, answering why in some cases variations in nutrient loading and in other cases mixing triggers changes to seasonal limitation status in some estuaries. Shift in nutrient ratios can be explained by the change in nutrient inventories via mixing. After the P-limited riverine water shifts in N limitation by mixing with N-limited seawater, new production of the estuary in general becomes limited by the amount of N inputs from the riverine water and the seawater. The result may help to explain a current consensus that N and not P riverine loadings lead to eutrophication in estuaries which are influenced by P-limited riverine waters. Further, new production which is generated by N-limited riverine input and N-limited seawater input mainly depends on the amount of N inputs from the riverine water and the seawater.