Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2010. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-122). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Marker information in the new oilseed crop, meadowfoam, is limited. Molecular markers to facilitate meadowfoam breeding and cultivar improvement are not available. The knowledge of genetic relationships among recent germplasm is not known. The objectives of this study were (i) to gain an understanding of genetic diversity and relationship patterns among germplasm. (ii) to construct a genetic linkage map, and (iii) to map genes and QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci) underlying erucic and dienoic acid concentrations in seed oils. We fingerprinted meadowfoam 41 accessions of section inflexae of family Limnanthaceae using 176 AFLP markers. Polymorphic information content (PIC) scores were high in 42.6% of the markers and ranged from 0.45 to 0.5. Genetic distance estimates ranged from 0.14 to 0.55 with an average of 0.44. The clustering phenogram showed concordance with taxonomic classification. The first three principal component analyses accounted for 37% of the total variation of genetic distance estimated. We concluded that the genetic diversity of elite and exotic germplasm in section Inflexae was high. The AFLP genetic linkage map for meadowfoam was built using inter-subspecific backcross progeny between OMF40-11 (Limnanthes. alba spp. alba) and 0MF64 (L. alba spp. versicolor). The map was comprised of 104 loci in five linkage groups, with 14 to 28 loci per linkage group. The map covered 698.3 cM with a mean density of 6.7 cM. The lengths of the linkage groups varied from 110.3 to 168.0 cM. AFLP loci were randomly distributed throughout the genome with no centromeric clustering. Genetic maps of meadowfoam can be rapidly Constructed using a small number of AFLP primer combinations. We utilized the AFLP genetic linkage map to map genes and QTLs underlying erucic and dienoic acid concentrations in seed oils. The QTL analyses were performed using interval mapping. QTL affecting erucic and dienoic acids was mapped to linkage group four at the E locus, which controlled seed oil phenotypic differences between the two subspecies, alba and versicolor. The effect of E locus was pleiotropic. QTLs with significant effects on content of erucic and dienoic acid other than the effects of E locus were not found in this backcross population. / Graduation date: 2000

Cultivated meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba Benth.) is an annual oil seed crop native to southern Oregon. California and British Columbia. The genus Limnanthes is composed of nine species and divided into two sections, Inflexae and Reflexae. The seed oil of meadowfoam is a rich source of erucic acid and several novel very long-chain fatty acids (VLCs). The former has been linked to increased risk of heart disease. The safe limit of erucic acid for human consumption is up to 5% of total fatty acids. Because the erucic acid concentrations of wildtype lines typically range from 9 to 23% and low erucic acid variants have not been discovered, chemical mutagenesis was used to develop a mutant line (LE76) with greatly reduced erucic acid (3%). The phenotypic distributions of F��� progeny from crosses between wildtype and mutant lines were continuous and differed across genetic backgrounds. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting erucic and dienoic acid were mapped using F���:��� progeny from a cross between LE76 and Wheeler (a wildtype line) and a simple sequence repeat (SSR) map spanning the meadowfoam genome. The domestication of meadowfoam was based on L. alba, belonging to section Inflexac. The secondary and tertiary gene pools have not been important to the domestication process and have not supplied diversity for meadowfoam breeding. With the objectives of introgressing genes from wild relatives and also producing cytoplasmic male sterile lines by inserting the nuclear genome of L. alba into wild cytoplasm, inter-sectional crosses involving L. alba and three subspecies of L. douglasii and intra-sectional crosses involving L. alba and two subspecies of L. floccosa were carried out. The isolation mechanisms involved in keeping species apart from each other were found to be different within and between sections. The study of partially fertile intra-sectional hybrids showed that the reduced pollen viability (30-33%) was not due to structural differences between the chromosomes of the two species, as normal meiotic behavior was observed in PMCs. The inter-sectional crosses were found to be incompatible and various abnormalities during pollen tube growth were observed. / Graduation date: 2002

Meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba Bentham; Order: Brassicales; Family: Limnanthaceae) is a self-compatible, predominantly allogamous, insect pollinated species. Meadowfoam oil is a source of novel unsaturated very-long-chain (VLC) seed oils (C������ and C������) with low concentrations of saturated fatty acids (typically less than 2%) and outstanding oxidative stability. Here we report the development of 389 SSR markers for meadowfoam. All the 389 SSRs were screened on 14 meadowfoam germplasm accessions to assess their utility and efficiency. Ninety-six percent of the SSR markers (373 out of 389) were polymorphic among the 14-germplasm accessions (from nine taxa) with a mean heterozygosity of 0.63. We also report that the physical size of the meadowfoam genome was estimated to be 5.52 pg using flow cytometry; thus, the meadowfoam genome is ca. 16 times larger than the Arabidopsis genome. Karyotype analyses revealed that the meadowfoam genome is made up of two metacentric and three submetacentric chromosomes. Meadowfoam has two pairs of chromosomes with subterminal nucleolar organizing regions (NOR's). A genetic map comprised of 84 SSR loci dispersed among five linkage groups with 11 to 22 SSR loci per linkage (6 SSR loci segregated independently) was constructed. The map was 988.7 cM long with a mean density of 11.8 cM and minimal clustering of loci. A total of 20 quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for five mating system characters in meadowfoam, using the SSR linkage map of meadowfoam. Individual QTL for mating system traits peta1 area (pa), seeds per plant (spp) and seeds per flower (spf)I account for up to 20% of the backcross phenotypic variance, with most traits showing QTL effects of 5-15%. The QTL for protandry and chiasma frequency were adjacent to the QTL for spp and spf. This study has provided evidence that the correlation between the chiasma frequency and the type of mating system is not a direct developmental relationship between these factors, but is due to a selective advantage of the combination of the characters found. The speculation that the genetic factors underlying chiasma frequency and autonomous seed set have co-evolved during evolution negates the self-fertilization as an "evolutionary dead end". / Graduation date: 2002

Meadowfoam (cultivar Mermaid) is an entomophilous winter annual oilseed crop that has historically produced an average of only two of five seeds per flower. Reference to inadequate meadowfoam pollination exists in the literature, but quantitative evidence is lacking. Studies were undertaken to: 1) quantify meadowfoam pollination requirements and 2) evaluate the potential of an alternative pollinator. In vivo pollination biology studies tested pollen age, stigma age, stylar restriction, and pollen deposition rate effects on seed set. Yield efficacy of Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson, a native wild bee pollinator, was compared in cages to a honey bee standard and a non-caged honey bee control. Osmia reproductive potential was also tested. Pollen 0-5 days old (postanthesis), stored at 3, 18, or 37°C, did not appear to limit seed set. Stigma age was critical for seed set maximization. Seed set was not influenced by the number of stigmas pollinated per flower, but was limited by less than 25 pollen grains deposited per flower. Seed set and pollen deposition increased with increasing honey bee visits per flower. It was concluded that at least three honey bee colonies per acre should be used for commercial meadowfoam production. Osmia produced comparable individual plant yields to honey bees. Sixty Osmia produced similar solid stand yields to 4000 honey bees. Significantly greater solid stand yields per bee were obtained from Osmia when compared to the honey bee. Osmia survival and female production were negatively correlated with female density, while nest/male/total cell production was positively correlated with female density. Osmia demonstrated yield improvement potential as a meadow-foam pollinator. / Graduation date: 1991

Biology of Scaptomyza apicalis Hardy (Diptera: Drosophilidae) was studied in relation to its host, meadowfoam, Limnanthes alba, a recent oil seed crop grown in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Populations of flies and larvae were monitored weekly over three consecutive crop-years beginning in 1996. Yellow sticky traps gave relative population estimates of adults. Absolute estimates of larval populations were derived using Berlese funnels to extract immatures from whole plant samples. Weather and crop phenology are key factors in population regulation. Meadowfoams, Limnanthes species, were the only observed hosts for S. apicalis in this study. This has four to five overlapping generations per year. Adults of a small founder population colonize commercial fields coincident with fall rains and seedling emergence. Females deposit eggs in or on plant tissue. Larvae mine leaves and stems. They also bore into crown tissue and flower buds later in the season. Second generation flies arising from the larvae of the founder population first appear in late winter. Successive generations peak during the rapid vegetative growth stage of meadowfoam (mid-April). A steady decline in adult and larval numbers occurs as daily temperatures rise and plants develop flower buds. Last flies are detected in early July when meadowfoam is harvested. Temperatures below 0�� Celsius during December were a key mortality factor for S. apicalis in 1998. Three often major weather components analyzed, accounted for up to 60 percent of the trap count variability. These components were temperature, solar radiation and relative humidity. S. apicalis larvae fed only on plants within the Limnanthes in feeding studies. They accepted nine native meadowfoams but with varying survival rates. The commercial meadowfoam cultivar, Floral, was the most suitable larval host. An increase in supplemental nitrogen fertilizer rates generally resulted in increased infestations of S. apicalis and decreased seed yields. / Graduation date: 2001

Graduation date: 1992