In this study steel framing systems are investigated with regards to their lateral load carrying capacity and in this context seismic response modification factors of individual systems are analyzed. Numerous load resisting layouts, such as different bracing systems and un-braced moment resisting frames with various bay and story configurations are designed and evaluated in a parametric fashion. Three types of beam to column connection conditions are incorporated in evaluation process. Frames, designed according to Turkish seismic code, are investigated by nonlinear static analysis with the guidance of previous studies and recent provisions of FEMA. Method of analysis, design and evaluation data are presented in detail. Previous studies in literature, history and the theory of response modification phenomenon is presented. Results are summarized, main weaknesses and ambiguities introduced to design by the use of &ldquo / R&rdquo / factors are stated depending on the observed behavior.

This research focuses on implementing and improving a parallel solution framework for the linear static analysis of large structural models on PC clusters. The framework consists of two separate programs where the first one is responsible from preparing data for the parallel solution that involves partitioning, workload balancing, and equation numbering. The second program is a fully parallel nite element program that utilizes substructure based solution approach with direct solvers. The first step of data preparation is partitioning the structure into substructures. After creating the initial substructures, the estimated imbalance of the substructures is adjusted by iteratively transferring nodes from the slower substructures to the faster ones. Once the final substructures are created, the solution phase is initiated. Each processor assembles its substructure&#039 / s stiffness matrix and condenses it to the interfaces. The interface equations are then solved in parallel with a block-cyclic dense matrix solver. After computing the interface unknowns, each processor calculates the internal displacements and element stresses or forces. Comparative tests were done to demonstrate the performance of the solution framework.

Βασικός σκοπός της παρούσης διατριβής είναι η ανάπτυξη μιας διαδικασίας προσδιορισμού της βέλτιστης στρατηγικής ενίσχυσης ενός υφιστάμενου ανεπαρκούς κτιρίου, αξιοποιώντας τα δεδομένα που προκύπτουν από την αποτίμησή του με χρήση της ανελαστικής στατικής ανάλυσης και συνεκτιμώντας τις καμπύλες που αντιστοιχούν σε εναλλακτικές λύσεις επέμβασης και προσδιορίζονται προσεγγιστικά. Επειδή η καμπύλη αντίστασης του αρχικού φορέα αποτελεί τη σημαντικότερη πληροφορία που αξιολογείται στα πλαίσια της διαδικασίας που αναπτύχθηκε, ένας έμμεσος στόχος της παρούσης διατριβής είναι η αξιολόγηση των προσομοιωμάτων συμπεριφοράς στοιχείων οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος που συμπεριλαμβάνονται στο σχέδιο του Ελληνικού Κανονισμού Επεμβάσεων (ΚΑΝ.ΕΠΕ.), τα οποία χρησιμοποιήθηκαν στα πλαίσια των αναλύσεων που πραγματοποιήθηκαν. Για τις ανάγκες της διερεύνησης των προσομοιώματων του ΚΑΝ.ΕΠΕ. και την ανάπτυξη της μεθόδου επιλογής στρατηγικής επέμβασης διενεργήθηκαν ανελαστικές αναλύσεις σε κτίρια που τα οποία είχαν μορφωθεί και διαστασιολογηθεί με βάση της επικρατούσες πριν το 1985 αντιλήψεις. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο της εργασίας γίνεται μια εισαγωγή στο θέμα αποτίμησης και ενίσχυσης υφιστάμενων κατασκευών. Εντοπίζονται οι δυσκολίες και οι απαιτήσεις του προβλήματος της μελέτης υφιστάμενων κτιρίων και σχολιάζονται σύντομα τα υπάρχοντα κανονιστικά σχέδια για την αποτίμηση υφιστάμενων κατασκευών. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται οι μέθοδοι που χρησιμοποιούνται για την αποτίμηση υφιστάμενων κτιρίων. Οι μέθοδοι διακρίνονται σε ελαστικές και ανελαστικές. Η στατική ανελαστική ανάλυση παρουσιάζεται εκτενέστερα, καθώς χρησιμοποιείται για τις αναλύσεις που πραγματοποιούνται. Συγκεκριμένα αναφέρονται οι παραδοχές στις οποίες βασίζεται και παρουσιάζονται τρεις διαφορετικές διαδικασίες για τον προσδιορισμό της στοχευόμενης μετατόπισης. Ιδιαίτερη αναφορά γίνεται στη μέθοδο των ανελαστικών φασμάτων απαίτησης, στην οποία βασίζεται η διαδικασία επιλογής στρατηγικής επέμβασης που αναπτύχθηκε. Το τρίτο κεφάλαιο αφορά τα προσομοιώματα συμπεριφοράς στοιχείων Ο/Σ που χρησιμοποιούνται σε ανελαστικές αναλύσεις. Συγκεκριμένα παρουσιάζεται αναλυτικά το προσομοίωμα του ΚΑΝ.ΕΠΕ. που υιοθετείται στη συνέχεια για τις ανάγκες της προσομοίωσης των κτιρίων που αναλύονται. Σύντομη αναφορά γίνεται και σε άλλα προσομοιώματα, τα οποία προτείνονται σε σχέδια κανονισμών ή ερευνητικές εργασίες. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο εξετάζονται αναλυτικά τα προτεινόμενα από τον ΚΑΝ.ΕΠΕ. προσομοιώματα συμπεριφοράς των δομικών στοιχείων και η χρήση τους για την σεισμική αποτίμηση με χρήση της μη-γραμμικής στατικής ανάλυσης. Οι προτεινόμενες σχέσεις χρησιμοποιούνται για την προσομοίωση των μελών δύο ιδεατών κτιρίων και ενός πραγματικού. Εξετάζονται πιθανές αποκλίσεις μεταξύ των διατιθέμενων σχέσεων, καθώς και η επιρροή διαφορετικών παραδοχών για τις τιμές του μήκους διάτμησης και του ανηγμένου αξονικού φορτίου στα προσδιοριζόμενα μεγέθη. Τέλος ελέγχεται η επίδραση των ίδιων παραμέτρων στην τελική μορφή της καμπύλης τέμνουσας βάσης – μετατόπισης και στα συμπεράσματα της διαδικασίας αποτίμησης. Το πέμπτο κεφάλαιο αναφέρεται στις στρατηγικές ενίσχυσης υφιστάμενων κτιρίων. Συγκεκριμένα αρχικά γίνεται η διάκριση μεταξύ στρατηγικής και τεχνικής επέμβασης. Στη συνέχεια αναφέρονται και σχολιάζονται διαδικασίες για την επιλογή της κατάλληλης στρατηγικής επέμβασης που αναπτύχθηκαν παλαιότερα. Ακολούθως παρουσιάζεται η προτεινόμενη διαδικασία για την επιλογή της κατάλληλης στρατηγικής επέμβασης. Αναφέρονται οι βασικές παραδοχές που λαμβάνονται και τα βήματα υπολογισμών που πραγματοποιούνται. Τέλος η προτεινόμενη διαδικασία εφαρμόζεται σε δύο ιδεατά κτίρια και παρουσιάζονται αναλυτικά τα αποτελέσματα και τα συμπεράσματα που αφορούν τις απαιτούμενες ενισχύσεις στα κτίρια που αναλύονται. Στο έκτο κεφάλαιο επιχειρείται η σύνδεση των εκτιμώμενων καμπυλών συμπεριφοράς για τα ενισχυμένα κτίρια, οι οποίες προκύπτουν από τη διαδικασία επιλογής στρατηγικής επέμβασης που αναπτύχθηκε, με τις απαιτούμενες επεμβάσεις στα μέλη. Σκοπός είναι να προκύψει μια διαδικασία προδιαστασιολόγησης των ενισχύσεων. Ορίζονται αδιάστατες παράμετροι που συσχετίζουν τα χαρακτηριστικά του φορέα με αυτά των μελών. Αναλύονται φορείς που προκύπτουν από υλοποίηση εναλλακτικών ενισχύσεων στα κτίρια στα οποία εφαρμόστηκε η προτεινόμενη διαδικασία και εξετάζεται πως μεταβάλλεται η τιμή των παραμέτρων που ορίστηκαν. Με βάση τα αποτελέσματα των ανελαστικών αναλύσεων και των υπολογισμών που παρουσιάζονται, διατυπώνονται απλοί κανόνες για την αρχική διαστασιολόγηση των επεμβάσεων στα μέλη. Στο τελευταίο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια προσπάθεια ερμηνείας των αποτελεσμάτων των διερευνήσεων που παρουσιάσθηκαν ώστε να προκύψουν γενικότερα συμπεράσματα για τη διαδικασία επιλογής στρατηγικής επέμβασης που αναπτύχθηκε. Από τη διερεύνηση που πραγματοποιήθηκε προκύπτει πως με χρήση της προτεινόμενης μεθόδου εκτιμώνται με ικανοποιητική ακρίβεια οι καμπύλες συμπεριφοράς των ενισχυμένων κατασκευών για δύο ακραίες περιπτώσεις επέμβασης (αύξηση αντοχής - δυσκαμψίας και αύξηση πλαστιμότητας), η αξιολόγηση των οποίων μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε μια αξιόπιστη επιλογή της βέλτιστης στρατηγικής ενίσχυσης, χωρίς να απαιτούνται εμπειρικού χαρακτήρα εκτιμήσεις. Τέλος είναι δυνατόν να γίνει μια συντηρητική εκτίμηση των απαιτούμενων επεμβάσεων στα μέλη, η οποία κατευθύνει σε μεγάλο βαθμό την τελική επιλογή λύσης. / The main aim of the present thesis is the development of a procedure to determine the optimum retrofit strategy for an existing building, using the results obtained from the assessment of the building via non-linear static analysis and evaluating the capacity curves that correspond to the application of different strengthening solutions for the building under consideration. The latter curves are approximated without further analysis. Because of the significance of the capacity curve of the original building which is taken into consideration in the proposed strategy selection procedure, a second aim of this thesis is the evaluation of the analytical models for the behavior of Reinforced Concrete (R/C) members which are included in the first and second draft versions of the Greek Retrofitting Code (GRECO). These were used to create the numerical models of the buildings that have been analyzed. In order to develop the proposed procedure for the selection of the optimum retrofit strategy, as well as to evaluate the proposed models that are referred above, three buildings have been analyzed via non-linear static analysis (pushover analysis). The dimensioning of members of these buildings complies with the regulatory demands of the prior to 1985 Greek building Codes. In the first chapter of the present thesis, a brief introduction to the topic of assessment and strengthening of existing buildings is conducted. The basic difficulties of the problem of analyzing existing structures are pointed. Finally, draft codes that have been developed for the assessment and rehabilitation of existing buildings are reviewed briefly. In the second chapter, the basic analysis procedures that are used for the assessment of existing buildings are presented. The available procedures are separated into linear and non-linear. Non-linear static (pushover) analysis is presented thoroughly since it is used for the analyses of the buildings referred above. The basic assumptions of this analysis procedure are described as well as three different methods to determine the target displacement (or performance point). The capacity spectrum method is presented in detail, since it is the basis for the development of the proposed strategy selection procedure. The third chapter refers to the analytical models for the behavior of R/C members that are used in non-linear analyses. The models proposed in GRECO, which have been used in terms of the analyses of the buildings that were examined in this thesis, are presented thoroughly. Other models included in draft codes (such as FEMA 356) or proposed by researchers are briefly reviewed. In the fourth chapter, the analytical models for the behavior of R/C members that are included in GRECO are presented in detail. Moreover, the application of the above models in the assessment of existing buildings using pushover analysis is examined. The proposed equations are applied to model the behavior of the members of three buildings, in order to examine whether the use of different equations leads to significantly different results for the inelastic deformation capacities of the members. Furthermore, the impact of different assumptions for parameters, such as the non-constant axial load, to the results of the above equations is discussed. Finally, the effect of the above parameters in the capacity curve of the building, which is being analyzed, is examined. In the fifth chapter, the strategies for the retrofit of existing buildings are discussed. The difference between retrofit techniques and retrofit strategies is stated. Available procedures for the selection of the optimum retrofit strategy are reviewed and commented. Furthermore, the procedure proposed in this thesis is presented. The basic assumptions and the required calculations are stated. Finally, the procedure is applied for the selection of the optimum retrofit strategy of two of the buildings analyzed earlier in the present thesis. The results and main conclusions are referred briefly. In the sixth chapter, the estimated capacity curves of the strengthened buildings, which arise from the strategy selection procedure that has been developed, are correlated with the required rehabilitation measures for the members. The buildings under consideration are analyzed taking into account the application of different rehabilitation scenarios and several parameters such as the strength or ductility of the retrofitted members in regard with that of the entire building are evaluated. Finally a simplified procedure for the estimation of the needed rehabilitation measures for the members in order to achieve the targeted capacity curve for the structure is proposed. In the final chapter, the results concerning the proposed procedure for the estimation of the optimum retrofit strategy for an existing building are reviewed and the main conclusions are presented. The use of the proposed procedure results in the estimation of the capacity curve of the rehabilitated building with acceptable accuracy, considering two “extreme” retrofit scenarios (system strengthening and stiffening or increasing the ductility of the building). The evaluation of these two curves leads to the selection of the optimum retrofit strategy for a building, which usually combines the effects of the above scenarios. Finally, it is possible to estimate the required retrofit measures for the members of the structure under consideration, although the results are conservative and can be used only for the needs of the initial evaluation discussed in this thesis.

The flexural capacity of the new hollow flange steel section known as LiteSteel beam (LSB) is limited by lateral distortional buckling for intermediate spans, which is characterised by simultaneous lateral deflection, twist and web distortion. Recent research based on finite element analysis and testing has developed design rules for the member capacity of LiteSteel beams subject to this unique lateral distortional buckling. These design rules are limited to a uniform bending moment distribution. However, uniform bending moment conditions rarely exist in practice despite being considered as the worst case due to uniform yielding across the span. Loading position or load height is also known to have significant effects on the lateral buckling strength of beams. Therefore it is important to include the effects of these loading conditions in the assessment of LSB member capacities. Many steel design codes have adopted equivalent uniform moment distribution and load height factors for this purpose. But they were derived mostly based on data for conventional hot-rolled, doubly symmetric I-beams subject to lateral torsional buckling. In contrast LSBs are made of high strength steel and have a unique crosssection with specific residual stresses and geometrical imperfections along with a unique lateral distortional buckling mode. The moment distribution and load height effects for LSBs, and the suitability of the current steel design code methods to accommodate these effects for LSBs are not yet known. The research study presented in this thesis was therefore undertaken to investigate the effects of nonuniform moment distribution and load height on the lateral buckling strength of simply supported and cantilever LSBs. Finite element analyses of LSBs subject to lateral buckling formed the main component of this study. As the first step the original finite element model used to develop the current LSB design rules for uniform moment was improved to eliminate some of the modelling inaccuracies. The modified finite element model was validated using the elastic buckling analysis results from well established finite strip analysis programs. It was used to review the current LSB design curve for uniform moment distribution, based on which appropriate recommendations were made. The modified finite element model was further modified to simulate various loading and support configurations and used to investigate the effects of many commonly used moment distributions and load height for both simply supported and cantilever LSBs. The results were compared with the predictions based on the current steel code design rules. Based on these comparisons, appropriate recommendations were made on the suitability of the current steel code design methods. New design recommendations were made for LSBs subjected to non-uniform moment distributions and varying load positions. A number of LSB experiments was also undertaken to confirm the results of finite element analysis study. In summary the research reported in this thesis has developed an improved finite element model that can be used to investigate the buckling behaviour of LSBs for the purpose of developing design rules. It has increased the understanding and knowledge of simply supported and cantilever LSBs subject to non-uniform moment distributions and load height effects. Finally it has proposed suitable design rules for LSBs in the form of equations and factors within the current steel code design provisions. All of these advances have thus further enhanced the economical and safe design of LSBs.

No description available.

Esta investigación aborda la real influencia que tiene el agrietamiento de los elementos estructurales en la reducción de rigidez cuando se produce un evento sísmico. Para ello, en primer lugar, describió la realidad problemática, los antecedentes y generalidades previos acerca del tema para determinar qué tipo de edificación utilizar. En segundo lugar, el marco teórico expuso un conjunto de conceptos fundamentales necesarios para entender el agrietamiento del concreto, la obtención de la inercia efectiva, la irregularidad de edificaciones y se dio un repaso sobre las consideraciones de normas extranjeras. En tercer lugar, se determinó trabajar con 6 planos de viviendas multifamiliares, de los cuales 3 fueron estructuras regulares y 3 fueron irregulares. Asimismo, se subdividió las estructuras en alturas de 5, 10 y 15 pisos, ya que son el tipo de edificación que más se construyen en Lima. Después se halló los parámetros geográficos, de uso y geométricos a partir de la Norma E-030, para luego realizar el análisis sísmico lineal (estático y dinámico). Luego, se realizó los diagramas de momento – curvatura (vigas, columnas y placas), para que, a partir de ellos, obtener un factor de reducción de la inercia bruta y realizar un nuevo análisis sísmico considerando este valor como efecto del agrietamiento. Finalmente, se realizó un análisis comparativo entre los resultados obtenidos de acuerdo a la altura en edificaciones regulares e irregulares. / This research addresses the real influence of the cracking of structural elements in the reduction of rigidity when a seismic event occurs. To do this, first, he described the problematic reality, the background and previous generalities about the topic to determine what type of building to use. Secondly, the theoretical framework exposed a set of fundamental concepts necessary to understand the cracking of concrete, the obtaining of effective inertia, the irregularity of buildings and a review of the considerations of foreign standards. In the third place, it was determined to work with 6 multifamily housing plans, of which 3 were regular structures and 3 were irregular. Likewise, the structures were subdivided into heights of 5, 10 and 15 floors, since they are the type of building that is most constructed in Lima. Afterwards, the geographic, use and geometrical parameters were found from the E-030 standard, to then perform the linear seismic analysis (static and dynamic). Then, the moment diagrams - curvature (beams, columns and plates) were made, so that from them, obtain a reduction factor of the gross inertia and perform a new seismic analysis considering this value as an effect of cracking. Finally, a comparative analysis was made between the results obtained according to the height in regular and irregular buildings. / Tesis

This diploma thesis deals with the subject of slenderness bars’ stability assessment, especially in the steel structures. Before the assessment of bars in the frame constructions, we search for the influence of the computational model’s settings on the final result. The initial geometrical imperfections are examined on the model of Euler’s bar. The influence of the rigidity of girders on the poles’ buckling length is examined on the basic frame construction. The buckling lengths are assessed in the comparison with the figures we got from the statistical tables and the computational software. The influence of construction’s initial tilt and its replacement by the system of outer forces is examined on the frame structure. Three-hinged frame structure with variable cross-section member is designed then and the influence of non-linear calculations on the inner forces is studied. In the complex frame assessment, the influence of the number of parts of variable cross-section member on the bars’ buckling length is examined.