La photothérapie dynamique (PDT) est un nouveau traitement n’induisant potentiellement pas de mutation et utilisable pour lutter contre le rétinoblastome. Les dérivés de porphyrine utilisés comme Ps dans la Thérapie PhotoDynamique (PDT) sont largement étudiés depuis la naissance du premier Ps de synthèse (l’HpD). Une limitation importante de la PDT provient de la faible profondeur (confinée près de la surface) de pénétration de la lumière (λ <700 nm) employée pour l'excitation du Ps. Afin de fournir une énergie d’activation suffisante pour produire l’oxygène singulet dans la fenêtre thérapeutique entre 700-1300, le processus d'absorption à deux photons a été proposé. Les Ps excitables par l’absorption simultanée de deux photons conduisent au concept de PDT à deux photons (PDT-ADP). Ce processus ayant une faible probabilité, son application demande le développement de nouveaux Ps avec une section efficace importante. Une autre limitation de la PDT est la faible sélectivité et spécificité des Ps actuels pour les cellules tumorales. Un ciblage actif de récepteurs membranaires spécifiques des cellules tumorales représente une solution possible. Il a été rapporté que des récepteurs de type lectine reconnaissant certains sucres sont surexprimés par des cellules malignes. Nous présenterons la synthèse et les résultats photocytotoxiques de dimères dissymétriques de porphyrine P-Y-P', inspirée d'études précédentes du laboratoire, privilégiant l’introduction de trois chaînes para-phénoxy-diéthylène glycol mannose sur trois des positions méso de porphyrines optimisés pour l’absorption à deux photons et vectorisés vers des lectines membranaires.Pour contourner le problème de solubilité des porphyrines dimères en milieu aqueux et améliorer l’internalisation de Ps dans les cellules tumorales, nous avons analysé le comportement interfacial des porphyrines dimères à l'interface air-tampon, étudié leur incorporation dans les liposomes à l’aide de la technique de la fluorescence, et évalué l’interaction entre porphyrin dimères et la Concanavaline A (une lectine extraite de Canavalia ensiformis qui reconnaît de manière spécifique l'alpha-D-mannose). / Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new potential treatment against retinoblastoma, which doesn’t induce mutations. The porphyrin derivatives used as Ps in PDT are widely studied since the birth of the first synthesis Ps (HpD). An important limitation of PDT comes from low penetration of light (λ<700 nm) used for excitation of the Ps. In order to provide enough energy to enable production of singlet oxygen in the phototherapeutic window between 700-1300, the absorption of two relatively low-energy photons simultaneously has been proposed. Ps excited by simultaneous absorption of two photons leads to the concept of two-photon PDT (TPE-PDT). This process has very low probability; its application in the PDT needs develop new Ps with intensive cross section. Another limitation is the low selectivity and specificity of current Ps for tumor cells. Active targeting to appropriate receptors expressed at the tumor cells give a possible solution. It has been reported that the lectin-like receptors recognizing certain sugars are overexpressed in malignant cells. We will present the synthesis and in vitro photocytotoxical results of asymmetric porphyrin dimers P-Y-P', inspired by previous studies of our laboratory, introducing three para-phenoxy-diethylene glycol mannose chains at the meso positions of porphyrin core which optimized for two-photon absorption and targeted to membrane lectins. To circumvent the solubility problem of porphyrin dimers in aqueous medium and improve internalization of Ps into tumor cells, we analyzed the interfacial behavior of the porphyrin dimers in the air-buffer interface, studied the incorporation of porphyrin dimers in liposomes using the technique of fluorescence, and evaluated the interaction between porphyrin dimers and Concanavalin A (Canavalia ensiformis lectin derived from that specifically recognizes the alpha-D-mannose).

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No description available.

No description available.

Ce sujet se situe dans le cadre de la mise au point de systèmes de délivrance de composés thérapeutiques ou d’imagerie, c’est à dire d’objets qui doivent transporter des composés dans un organisme et posséder une spécificité pour une zone à traiter ou à imager. Les objectifs de mon travail de thèse étaient l’addition d’une spécificité aux liposomes grâce à la liaison ou l’utilisation de protéines dérivées de l’Annexine 5 (Anx5) et l’encapsulation dans l’espace interne des vésicules de composés permettant le suivi de ces vecteurs. Nous avons tout d’abord mis au point des liposomes pour lesquels l’Anx5 est couplée à l’extrémité d’un lipide-PEG et sert d’élément d’adressage vers des cellules en apoptose. La liaison Anx5 / lipide-PEG a été caractérisée par SDS-PAGE de façon à contrôler la densité de ligand en surface des vésicules. L’influence de cette densité de ligand sur l’efficacité de liaison des vecteurs à des membranes cibles et sur l’agrégation des vésicules a été évaluée par QCM-D et DLS. Il apparait qu’une densité de 60 Anx5 / liposome est un optimum vis-à-vis de ces facteurs. Enfin l’encapsulation de fluorophores a permis d’imager l’interaction des liposomes-Anx5 avec des cellules en apoptose. Pour former des magnétoliposomes nous avons mis au point et caractérisé l’encapsulation de particules d’oxyde de fer dans des liposomes neutres et anioniques. La procédure d’encapsulation passive ainsi que l’influence de la charge membranaire négative et la stabilité des magnétoliposomes ont été évaluées. Le nombre de particules d’oxyde de fer par vésicule a été déterminé par dosages et l’aspect des liposomes a été examiné par cryomicroscopie électronique à transmission. Un maximum d’environ 50 particules par liposome a été encapsulé dans des vésicules de 100nm de diamètre. La présence de lipides anioniques limite l’efficacité d’encapsulation et favorise la déstabilisation des magnétoliposomes. Enfin, la liaison d’anticorps en surface des liposomes grâce à l’Anx5ZZ a été caractérisée et optimisée de façon à utiliser ces anticorps comme éléments d’adressage pour cibler deux pathologies : l’athérosclérose et l’inflammation. La composition lipidique a été optimisée pour encapsuler de façon stable des fluorophores tout en liant des Anx5. Les expériences de caractérisation de la fonctionnalisation par DLS et FRET nous ont conduits à choisir une séquence pour l’association des anticorps qui consiste a associer les anticorps aux Anx5ZZ dans un premier temps à lier ce complexe en surface des liposomes. Deux anticorps ont été utilisés pour vérifier les capacités d’adressage des vecteurs vers des cibles biologiques, tout d’abord ex vivo sur des modèles de plaques d’athérome puis ex et in vivo sur des rats présentant des zones d’inflammation. L’ensemble de ces travaux ont donc consistés à mettre au point des liposomes fonctionnalisés avec des dérivés d’Anx5 et encapsulant des éléments dans l’espace interne des vésicules. Ces vecteurs ont étés utilisés pour imager des cibles biologiques. / This subject is in the framework of drug or imaging agent delivery system. This object must carry compound in an organism and selectively recognize a target area. The aims of my work were to add a targeting element to liposomes by use of Anx5 derivative and to encapsulate imaging compound inside the aqueous inner space. First we designed Anx5-bearing liposomes with the Anx5 protein covalently linked at the distal end of a PEG-lipid and used as targeting element. Anx5 conjugation was monitored by SDS-PAGE in order to control Anx5 density on the liposome surface. The influence of ligand density on the efficiency of binding to target membranes and on solutions dispersity was assessed by QCM-D and DLS. A density of 60 Anx5 / liposomes ensure the best target recognition efficiency and dispersity. Finally fluorescent dyes encapsulation was used to image the interaction between Anx5 bearing liposomes and apoptotic cells. To prepare magnetoliposomes we have synthesized and characterized the encapsulation of iron oxide nanoparticle inside neutral and anionic liposomes. The passive encapsulation procedure, the influence of the negative charge and the magnetoliposome stability were evaluated. The number of particle / vesicle was assayed and the liposomes aspect was examined using cryoelectron microscopy. An average of 50 particles / liposomes was encapsulated inside 100nm vesicles. Anionic lipids limit the encapsulation efficiency and promote liposomes destabilization. Finally the use of Anx5ZZ to anchor antibodies on the liposomes surface was characterized and optimized to use antibodies as homing device to target two diseases: atherosclerosis and inflammation. Lipid composition was optimized to stably entrap fluorescent dyes while Anx5 are bound on the membrane. To functionalize the vector, DLS and FRET experiment leads us to choose a sequence that consists in associating antibodies to the Anx5ZZ in a first time and then binding this complex on the liposome surface. Two antibodies were used to address the liposome toward biological targets, ex vivo on atherosclerosis models and in vivo on rats bearing inflammation areas.

Leishmanioses são um complexo de doenças infecciosas causadas por protozoários intramacrofágicos do gênero Leishmania, fatal se não tratadas adequadamente. Os antimoniais pentavalentes são os medicamentos de primeira escolha para o tratamento, apesar de sua toxicidade e seu mecanismo de ação pouco esclarecido. Uma terapia mais eficaz pode ser conseguida pelo direcionamento de fármacos antileishmania para os locais de infecção. Os lipossomas são vesículas lipídicas que promovem melhora na eficácia e na ação de fármacos na célula alvo. Os lipossomas são capturados preferencialmente pelas células do sistema mononuclear fagocitário (SMF). O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma formulação de antimoniato de meglumina lipossomal, constituído por fosfatidilserina e estudar sua farmacocinética em animais sadios para esclarecer seu metabolismo e distribuição. As análises quantitativas de antimônio em lipossomas demonstram que Análise por Ativação Neutrônica foi a técnica mais sensível com cerca de 100 % de precisão. Todas as formulações de lipossomas apresentaram um tamanho de diâmetro médio de 150 nm. A determinação da CE50 em macrófagos infectados mostrou que as formulações de antimoniato de meglumina encapsulado em lipossomas foram entre 10 - 63 vezes mais eficazes do que a fármaco livre, indicando maior índice de seletividade. Por microscopia de fluorescência, foi verificada uma maior internalização de lipossomas fluorescentes em macrófagos infectados durante um curto tempo de incubação em comparação com macrófagos não infectados. A biodistribuição do antimoniato de meglumina irradiado encapsulado em lipossomas contendo fosfatidilserina mostrou que a formulação lipossomal promoveu um direcionamento seletivo do antimônio para tecidos do SMF, além do que manteve as doses elevadas nos órgãos por um período prolongado. Em conclusão, estes dados sugerem que o antimoniato de meglumina encapsulado em lipossomas apresentou maior eficácia do que a fármaco não lipossomal contra a infecção por Leishmania. O desenvolvimento de formulações lipossomais pode ser uma nova alternativa para a quimioterapia de doenças infecciosas, especialmente Leishmanioses, já que são usados como sistemas carreadores para entrega sustentada e direcionada de fármacos ao local da infecção. / Leishmaniases are a complex of parasitic diseases caused by intramacrophage protozoa of the genus Leishmania, and is fatal if left untreated. Pentavalent antimonials, though toxic and their mechanism of action being unclear, remain the first-line drugs for treatment. Effective therapy could be achieved by delivering antileishmanial drugs to these sites of infection. Liposomes are phospholipid vesicles that promote improvement in the efficacy and action of drugs in target cell. Liposomes are taken up by the cells of mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS). The purpose of this study was to develop a preparation of meglumine antimoniate encapsulated in liposomes of phosphatidylserine and to study its pharmacokinetic in healthy mice to establish its metabolism and distribution. Quantitative analysis of antimony from liposomes demonstrated that Neutron Activation Analysis was the most sensitive technique with almost 100 % of accuracy. All liposome formulations presented a mean diameter size of 150 nm. The determination of IC50 in infected macrophage showed that liposome formulations were between 10 63 fold more effective than the free drug, indicating higher selectivity index. By fluorescence microscopy, an increased uptake of fluorescent-liposomes was seen in infected macrophages during short times of incubation compared with non-infected macrophages. Biodistribution studies showed that meglumine antimoniate irradiated encapsulated in liposomes of phosphatidylserine promoted a targeting of antimony for MPS tissues and maintained high doses in organs for a prolonged period. In conclusion, these data suggest that meglumine antimoniate encapsulated in liposomes showed higher effectiveness than the non-liposomal drug against Leishmania infection. The development of liposome formulations should be a new alternative for the chemotherapy of infection diseases, especially Leishmaniasis, as they are used to sustain and target pharmaceuticals to the local of infection.

Orientador: Anselmo Gomes de Oliveira / Banca: Maria Virginia Costa Scarpa / Banca: Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley / Resumo: Neste trabalho estudou-se a encapsulação do cloridrato de ciprofloxacino (CIPRO) em lipossomas revestidos de ácido poli-láctico-co-glicólico (PLGA) ou o copolímero termosensível Pluronic® F127 (PLU). A eficiência de encapsulação foi obtida a partir das frações contendo lipossomas carregados de CIPRO separadas por cromatografia de exclusão em gel de Sephadex G-50, e mostrou-se melhor para as amostras contendo PLGA e maior concentração de CIPRO (5 mg/mL). A determinação do diâmetro médio dos lipossomas foi realizada por espalhamento dinâmico de luz (Light Scattering) e demonstrou redução no tamanho das estruturas quando PLGA ou PLU estavam presentes nas preparações. A incorporação de CIPRO aos lipossomas provocou aumento do tamanho das estruturas quando comparadas com as preparações isentas de fármaco. Verificou-se que o aumento na concentração de fármaco provocou a diminuição do diâmetro médio dos lipossomas. Experimentos de liberação in vitro mostraram que a liberação do CIPRO a partir dos lipossomas foi mais lenta em relação ao CIPRO não encapsulado. A liberação do CIPRO a partir de lipossomas revestidos com PLGA mostrou que a liberação foi mais lenta em relação aos lipossomas não revestidos. Os resultados demonstram que as preparações de CIPRO em lipossomas revestidos com PLGA ou PLU podem representar sistemas de liberação de fármacos antibióticos com grande potencial de utilização. O estudo de biodisponibilidade ocular demonstrou que lipossomas revestidos com PLGA e PLU mantiveram a MIC90 de CIPRO para os principais patógenos oculares por mais tempo que o CIPRO em solução no humor aquoso, quando administrados por via subconjuntival. Estes resultados demonstram que a associação de PLGA e PLU com lipossomas pode ser utilizada como um eficiente sistema de liberação ocular de fármacos. / Abstract: In the present work we studied the encapsulation of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIPRO) in liposomes coated either by the poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) or thermosensitive copolymer Pluronic® F127 (PLU). Unilamellar liposomes containing 40 or 50 mM of hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (FSH) were prepared by reverse phase evaporation (REV) method, followed by sonication. Encapsulation efficiency was obtained using fractions containing liposomes loaded with CIPRO, separated by exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-50 gel. Best encapsulation efficiency was obtained with samples containing PLGA with CIPRO at a higher concentration (5 mg/mL). Liposome medium diameter was determined by dynamic light scattering, and showed a size reduction when either PLGA or PLU was present in the preparations. The incorporation of CIPRO into the liposomes caused a size increasement of the structures when compared to preparations lacking the drug. Nevertheless, increasing the drug concentration caused a decrease of the liposome medium diameter. Experiments of in vitro release showed that the liberation of CIPRO from the liposomes was slower when compared to not encapsulated CIPRO. The release of CIPRO from liposomes coated by PLGA showed that the liberation was slower when compared to non-coated liposomes. The results show that liposome preparations containing CIPRO and covered either by PLGA or PLU represent antibiotic drug delivery systems with great possibilities. The bioavailability study shows that liposomes covered by both PLGA and PLU maintained the MIC90 of CIPRO against the main ocular pathogens for longer time than CIPRO solution in aqueous humor, when subconjunctivally injected. These results demonstrate that the PLGA and PLU association with liposomes can be used as an efficient ocular drug delivery system. / Mestre

Leishmanioses são um complexo de doenças infecciosas causadas por protozoários intramacrofágicos do gênero Leishmania, fatal se não tratadas adequadamente. Os antimoniais pentavalentes são os medicamentos de primeira escolha para o tratamento, apesar de sua toxicidade e seu mecanismo de ação pouco esclarecido. Uma terapia mais eficaz pode ser conseguida pelo direcionamento de fármacos antileishmania para os locais de infecção. Os lipossomas são vesículas lipídicas que promovem melhora na eficácia e na ação de fármacos na célula alvo. Os lipossomas são capturados preferencialmente pelas células do sistema mononuclear fagocitário (SMF). O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma formulação de antimoniato de meglumina lipossomal, constituído por fosfatidilserina e estudar sua farmacocinética em animais sadios para esclarecer seu metabolismo e distribuição. As análises quantitativas de antimônio em lipossomas demonstram que Análise por Ativação Neutrônica foi a técnica mais sensível com cerca de 100 % de precisão. Todas as formulações de lipossomas apresentaram um tamanho de diâmetro médio de 150 nm. A determinação da CE50 em macrófagos infectados mostrou que as formulações de antimoniato de meglumina encapsulado em lipossomas foram entre 10 - 63 vezes mais eficazes do que a fármaco livre, indicando maior índice de seletividade. Por microscopia de fluorescência, foi verificada uma maior internalização de lipossomas fluorescentes em macrófagos infectados durante um curto tempo de incubação em comparação com macrófagos não infectados. A biodistribuição do antimoniato de meglumina irradiado encapsulado em lipossomas contendo fosfatidilserina mostrou que a formulação lipossomal promoveu um direcionamento seletivo do antimônio para tecidos do SMF, além do que manteve as doses elevadas nos órgãos por um período prolongado. Em conclusão, estes dados sugerem que o antimoniato de meglumina encapsulado em lipossomas apresentou maior eficácia do que a fármaco não lipossomal contra a infecção por Leishmania. O desenvolvimento de formulações lipossomais pode ser uma nova alternativa para a quimioterapia de doenças infecciosas, especialmente Leishmanioses, já que são usados como sistemas carreadores para entrega sustentada e direcionada de fármacos ao local da infecção. / Leishmaniases are a complex of parasitic diseases caused by intramacrophage protozoa of the genus Leishmania, and is fatal if left untreated. Pentavalent antimonials, though toxic and their mechanism of action being unclear, remain the first-line drugs for treatment. Effective therapy could be achieved by delivering antileishmanial drugs to these sites of infection. Liposomes are phospholipid vesicles that promote improvement in the efficacy and action of drugs in target cell. Liposomes are taken up by the cells of mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS). The purpose of this study was to develop a preparation of meglumine antimoniate encapsulated in liposomes of phosphatidylserine and to study its pharmacokinetic in healthy mice to establish its metabolism and distribution. Quantitative analysis of antimony from liposomes demonstrated that Neutron Activation Analysis was the most sensitive technique with almost 100 % of accuracy. All liposome formulations presented a mean diameter size of 150 nm. The determination of IC50 in infected macrophage showed that liposome formulations were between 10 63 fold more effective than the free drug, indicating higher selectivity index. By fluorescence microscopy, an increased uptake of fluorescent-liposomes was seen in infected macrophages during short times of incubation compared with non-infected macrophages. Biodistribution studies showed that meglumine antimoniate irradiated encapsulated in liposomes of phosphatidylserine promoted a targeting of antimony for MPS tissues and maintained high doses in organs for a prolonged period. In conclusion, these data suggest that meglumine antimoniate encapsulated in liposomes showed higher effectiveness than the non-liposomal drug against Leishmania infection. The development of liposome formulations should be a new alternative for the chemotherapy of infection diseases, especially Leishmaniasis, as they are used to sustain and target pharmaceuticals to the local of infection.

archives@tulane.edu / Transpapillary drug delivery is a novel drug administration technique that integrates the non-invasive, passive aspect of transdermal drug delivery with the targeted approach of intraductal drug delivery by capitalizing on the mammary ducts to serve as an entry point, conduit and reservoir. Although these channels have been identified as a primary transport route, their contribution to overall tissue penetration has not been quantified. By combining two fluorescence techniques, we were able to quantitatively assess the various transport routes of small molecules and drug delivery vehicles following in vitro diffusion. Analysis of fluorescent images of porcine nipple cross-sections following diffusion of model hydrophilic and lipophilic fluorescent dyes indicated that both molecules penetrated the nipple via the stratum corneum and mammary ducts, however the lipophilic molecule targeted the ducts more so than the hydrophilic molecule. Encapsulating either dye within a liposome enhanced the ductal-associated fluorescence and reduced (hydrophilic dye) or did not affect (lipophilic dye) the stratum corneum-associated fluorescence. This suggests the capability of liposomes to selectively target and improve diffusion within the ductal channels. Encapsulation of the lipophilic dye within an oil-in-water nanoemulsion, however, either substantially increased penetration via both routes or only moderately improved transductal penetration, depending on the specific formulation. The in vivo distribution and efficacy of transpapillary diffusion was evaluated by first establishing an intraductal estrogen receptor positive breast cancer model. Results from in vivo imaging elucidated two growth rates, either slow or fast, which were discernable 14 days post-injection. A pilot therapeutic efficacy study using 4-hydroxytamoxifen was then performed; however due to a small sample size, the results were inconclusive. In vivo transpapillary diffusion of a small, lipophilic molecule was confirmed, as illustrated following application of a fluorescent dye. We conclude that transpapillary drug delivery is a viable in vitro administration technique for which the penetration routes can be tailored with drug carriers on a formulation-dependent basis. Furthermore, the feasibility of intraductally establishing estrogen receptor positive lesions and tracking their growth using in vivo imaging was validated. However, the use of this model to assess in vivo efficacy of transpapillary diffusion merits further evaluation. / 1 / Samantha Kurtz

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) extensively exists in various snake venom. Till now, a controversy remained to elucidate whether the PLA2 activity exclusively associates with the manifestation of the pharmacological activities. In the present study, we used liposome to imitate cell membrane for excluding the effects of receptor and membrane proteins, and estimating the molecular mechanism of snake venom phospholipase A2 on damaging liposome. Although a greater membrane damaging activity of Naja naja atra phospholipase A2 (NNA-PLA2) and notexin was noted in the presence of Ca2+, inhibitions of PLA2 activity by Sr2+ and Ba+2 were unable to abolish the membrane damaging effect. In addition, modification of Lys-82 and Lys-115 of notexin retained the full PLA2 activity, but the membrane damaging activity notably decreased. Fluorescence quenching studies, CD measurement, and tryptophan fluorescence lifetime assay indicated that liposome induced the £\-helix conformation change and the tryptophan residues microenviroment change with the addition of Ca2+, Sr2+ or EDTA. Rhodamine quenching assay revealed that NNA-PLA2 and notexin formed oligomers when they bound with liposome. Besides, the modified PLA2 (BPB-PLA2) only formed monomer when it bound with liposome and lost the membrane damaging activity. Taken together, these results indicate that the membrane damaging effects of NNA-PLA2 and notexin are not critically caused by their enzymatic activitys and are probably associated with oligomerization.