The purpose of this thesis is to understand and analyse the issues of grey water generation and disposal in peri-urban areas of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania and to propose a suitable solution to which includes designing a treatment system for grey water (water from shower, washing and kitchen). The purification will eliminate the sanitation issues that are brought by exposing untreated grey water to the environment as well save freshwater. This will be implemented with regard to local conditions in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Water-borne and vector-borne diseases are mainly brought by untreated grey water, which sadly enough causes thousands of death cases every year in Tanzania. The year between 2004- 2005, 154551 cases of dysentery were reported with 170 deaths. It was also reported, 863488 cases of typhoid with 1167 deaths and last but not least 12923 cases of cholera from with 350 deaths. Deaths that were caused by diarrhoea were also reported, whereby, 90 % of them are children. According to the interviews that were conducted, people would not want to recycle the grey water for example for washing due to socio-cultural context where water is considered dirty even after treatment. They had difficulties in believing that the same dirty grey water can be purified and reused again for various domestic activities. The conducted characterisation of grey water showed the tested grey water has relatively high levels of BOD, basic pH, higher than average values of TSS, relatively low levels of DO, increased salinity and average level of FC. The analyses were performed on the most polluted grey water from every source. The volume of household produced grey water varies strongly, depending on socio-economic situation of the household and type of access to water supply. From estimation, the volume varies approximately between 60 -160 l/day and household for a low income household. Living wall was proposed as grey water treatment system, because of its suitability to the peri-urban settlement and tropical climate. The system consists of concrete boxes placed over each other, filled with inner porous material and planted with plants. The system purifies grey water as it percolates through it and at the same time provides a vertical space for growing plants. The plants for the treatment system were chosen to Typha latifolia and Scirpus species. The plants are growing in Tanzania and are being used for wastewater treatment purposes. The plants are tolerant to increased salinity and can grow in alkaline soil. The cleaning effectiveness of the system was not tested, but only roughly estimated with help of values from a similar treatment system build in Gotland, Sweden. Hence, the reuse of grey water in this geographical location suits best for irrigation in rural and peri-urban areas with potential for agriculture as well as groundwater recharge in the peri-urban and urban areas. Recharging groundwater with treated grey water has a potential to be observed as an indirect and long term reuse of the water as it reconnects in the hydrological cycle.

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to understand and analyse the issues of grey water generation and disposal in peri-urban areas of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania and to propose a suitable solution to which includes designing a treatment system for grey water (water from shower, washing and kitchen). The purification will eliminate the sanitation issues that are brought by exposing untreated grey water to the environment as well save freshwater. This will be implemented with regard to local conditions in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.</p><p>Water-borne and vector-borne diseases are mainly brought by untreated grey water, which sadly enough causes thousands of death cases every year in Tanzania. The year between 2004- 2005, 154551 cases of dysentery were reported with 170 deaths. It was also reported, 863488 cases of typhoid with 1167 deaths and last but not least 12923 cases of cholera from with 350 deaths. Deaths that were caused by diarrhoea were also reported, whereby, 90 % of them are children.</p><p>According to the interviews that were conducted, people would not want to recycle the grey water for example for washing due to socio-cultural context where water is considered dirty even after treatment. They had difficulties in believing that the same dirty grey water can be purified and reused again for various domestic activities.</p><p>The conducted characterisation of grey water showed the tested grey water has relatively high levels of BOD, basic pH, higher than average values of TSS, relatively low levels of DO, increased salinity and average level of FC. The analyses were performed on the most polluted grey water from every source. The volume of household produced grey water varies strongly, depending on socio-economic situation of the household and type of access to water supply. From estimation, the volume varies approximately between 60 -160 l/day and household for a low income household.</p><p>Living wall was proposed as grey water treatment system, because of its suitability to the peri-urban settlement and tropical climate. The system consists of concrete boxes placed over each other, filled with inner porous material and planted with plants. The system purifies grey water as it percolates through it and at the same time provides a vertical space for growing plants.</p><p>The plants for the treatment system were chosen to Typha latifolia and Scirpus species. The plants are growing in Tanzania and are being used for wastewater treatment purposes. The plants are tolerant to increased salinity and can grow in alkaline soil.</p><p>The cleaning effectiveness of the system was not tested, but only roughly estimated with help of values from a similar treatment system build in Gotland, Sweden.</p><p>Hence, the reuse of grey water in this geographical location suits best for irrigation in rural and peri-urban areas with potential for agriculture as well as groundwater recharge in the peri-urban and urban areas. Recharging groundwater with treated grey water has a potential to be observed as an indirect and long term reuse of the water as it reconnects in the hydrological cycle.</p>

Orientador: Maria Solange Gurgel de Castro Fontes / Resumo: O jardim vertical é todo sistema que permite o crescimento e o desenvolvimento da vegetação em superfícies verticalizadas. A parede viva é o tipo de jardim vertical que demanda maior tecnologia de produção e instalação e o seu modelo “parede viva contínua” é constituída por camadas (perfis metálicos, placas estruturantes, feltro, substrato e vegetação) que junto com uma cavidade de ar existente entre o jardim e a edificação funciona como uma proteção contra radiação solar incidente. A influência térmica da parede viva ocorre pela ação de quatro mecanismos que atuam em conjunto: sombreamento, isolamento térmico, barreira de vento e resfriamento evapotranspirativo. O mecanismo de sombreamento ocorre pela ação do sistema de jardim vertical que sombreia a superfície da parede e impede a incidência solar direta, sendo um dos mais importantes na influência térmica do jardim. Além disso, por meio do mecanismo evapotranspirativo, o jardim também influencia o microclima do seu entorno imediato. Assim, o presente projeto objetivou identificar o impacto de um jardim vertical de tipologia “parede viva contínua” na redução das temperaturas superficiais de uma parede e nos microclimas do seu entorno imediato (temperatura do ar, umidade absoluta e temperatura radiante média), em diferentes condições de tempo. Para isso, foi construída um jardim experimental, com delimitação de uma parcela controle. Os resultados mostraram influência significativa do jardim sobre as temperaturas superficiais... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The vertical garden is any system that allows the growth and development of vegetation on vertical surfaces. The living wall is the typology of vertical garden that demands the most production and installation technology and its “continuous living wall” model consists of layers (metal profiles, structural plates, felt, substrate and vegetation) that together with an air cavity between the garden and the building acts as a protection against solar radiation. The thermal influence of the living wall occurs through the action of four mechanisms that act together: shading, thermal insulation, wind barrier and evapotranspiration cooling. The shading mechanism occurs by the action of the vertical garden system that shades the wall surface and prevents direct sunlight, being one of the most important in the thermal influence of the vertical garden. In addition, through the evapotranspiration mechanism, the vertical garden also influences the microclimate of its immediate surroundings. Thus, the present project aimed to identify the impact of a vertical garden of “continuous living wall” typology in the reduction of the surface temperatures of a wall and in the microclimates of its immediate surroundings (air temperature, absolute humidity and average radiant temperature), in different weather conditions. For this, an experimental garden was built, with delimitation of a control plot. The results showed a significant influence of the vertical garden on the surface temperatures and th... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Forschungsgegenstand war ein neuentwickeltes modulares Kassettensystem mit Hedera helix 'Woerner', das im Folgenden als hydroponische Nutzwand bezeichnet wurde. Die Lebensqualität in Ballungsräumen sinkt aufgrund von steigender Verdichtung. Stadtgrün verbessert die Lebensqualität und sorgt für lokale Klima- und Luftverbesserung. Allerdings besteht ein Nutzungskonflikt mit anderen Bebauungsvorhaben. Hier verspricht der Einsatz der hydroponischen Nutzwand ein hohes Potential, da das wandgebundene Fassadenbegrünungssystem weitgehend bodenunabhängig ist. Es erfolgte eine Studie zur Quantifizierung des Leistungspotenzials. Neben einer detaillierten Beschreibung des Kassettensystems und der Versuchsanlage, die eine nach Norden und eine nach Süden exponierte Nutzwand darstellte, erfolgte die Erstellung einer Wasserbilanz und eines abgeleiteten Bewässerungsplanes. Im Substrat wurden Untersuchungen zum Sauerstoffgehalt durchgeführt. Ebenso war auch die Wirkung auf das Bestandsklima ein wesentliches Kriterium, um das Kassettensystem zu beschreiben. Für die Leistungsabschätzung wurden Wachstumsanalysen zur Beschreibung der Pflanzenproduktion durchgeführt. Für einige Kassettenelemente wurde dabei im Wurzelraum ein Pflanzenstärkungsmittel mit Bacillus subtilis angewendet, mit dem Ziel, eine Wachstumssteigerung zu erreichen. In einem Austrocknungsversuch im Gewächshaus wurde der Effekt verschiedener Konzentrationen des Pflanzenstärkungsmittels auf eine erhöhte Stresstoleranz von Hedera helix 'Woerner' untersucht. Der Wasserhaushalt stellte einen gesonderten Schwerpunkt dar, bei dem zwei Ansätze zur Bewässerungssteuerung verfolgt wurden. Es erfolgte eine Modellierung der Evapotranspiration über Daten aus meteorologischen Messungen und Messungen zur Transpiration der Pflanzen im Bestand. In einem zweiten Ansatz wurden die Möglichkeiten der pflanzenbasierten Sensorik untersucht, wofür ein elektronischer Blattdickensensor zum Einsatz kam. Die Erkenntnisse aus der Dissertation sollten zeigen, welche Praxistauglichkeit eine hydroponische Nutzwand besitzt und ob sie lokal in der Lage ist, dem Problem sinkender Lebensqualität im städtischen Raum entgegenzuwirken.

Forschungsgegenstand war ein neuentwickeltes modulares Kassettensystem mit Hedera helix 'Woerner', das im Folgenden als hydroponische Nutzwand bezeichnet wurde. Die Lebensqualität in Ballungsräumen sinkt aufgrund von steigender Verdichtung. Stadtgrün verbessert die Lebensqualität und sorgt für lokale Klima- und Luftverbesserung. Allerdings besteht ein Nutzungskonflikt mit anderen Bebauungsvorhaben. Hier verspricht der Einsatz der hydroponischen Nutzwand ein hohes Potential, da das wandgebundene Fassadenbegrünungssystem weitgehend bodenunabhängig ist. Es erfolgte eine Studie zur Quantifizierung des Leistungspotenzials. Neben einer detaillierten Beschreibung des Kassettensystems und der Versuchsanlage, die eine nach Norden und eine nach Süden exponierte Nutzwand darstellte, erfolgte die Erstellung einer Wasserbilanz und eines abgeleiteten Bewässerungsplanes. Im Substrat wurden Untersuchungen zum Sauerstoffgehalt durchgeführt. Ebenso war auch die Wirkung auf das Bestandsklima ein wesentliches Kriterium, um das Kassettensystem zu beschreiben. Für die Leistungsabschätzung wurden Wachstumsanalysen zur Beschreibung der Pflanzenproduktion durchgeführt. Für einige Kassettenelemente wurde dabei im Wurzelraum ein Pflanzenstärkungsmittel mit Bacillus subtilis angewendet, mit dem Ziel, eine Wachstumssteigerung zu erreichen. In einem Austrocknungsversuch im Gewächshaus wurde der Effekt verschiedener Konzentrationen des Pflanzenstärkungsmittels auf eine erhöhte Stresstoleranz von Hedera helix 'Woerner' untersucht. Der Wasserhaushalt stellte einen gesonderten Schwerpunkt dar, bei dem zwei Ansätze zur Bewässerungssteuerung verfolgt wurden. Es erfolgte eine Modellierung der Evapotranspiration über Daten aus meteorologischen Messungen und Messungen zur Transpiration der Pflanzen im Bestand. In einem zweiten Ansatz wurden die Möglichkeiten der pflanzenbasierten Sensorik untersucht, wofür ein elektronischer Blattdickensensor zum Einsatz kam. Die Erkenntnisse aus der Dissertation sollten zeigen, welche Praxistauglichkeit eine hydroponische Nutzwand besitzt und ob sie lokal in der Lage ist, dem Problem sinkender Lebensqualität im städtischen Raum entgegenzuwirken.:I Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I II Abbildungsverzeichnis S. III III Tabellenverzeichnis S. X IV Formelverzeichnis S. XV V Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. XVII 1 Einleitung S. 1 2 Problemstellung S. 2 3 Zielsetzung S. 9 4 Kassettensystem S. 10 4.1 Material und Methoden S. 21 4.1.1 Versuchsanlage S. 21 4.1.2 Sauerstoffgehalt im Substrat S. 32 4.1.3 Mikroklimatische Einflüsse S. 34 4.2 Ergebnisse S. 43 4.2.1 Versuchsanlage S. 43 4.2.2 Sauerstoffgehalt im Substrat S. 49 4.2.3 Mikroklimatische Einflüsse S. 51 4.3 Diskussion S. 69 4.3.1 Versuchsanlage S. 70 4.3.2 Sauerstoffgehalt im Substrat S. 77 4.3.3 Mikroklimatische Einflüsse S. 78 4.4 Zusammenfassung S. 84 5 Wachstum S. 88 5.1 Material und Methoden S. 92 5.1.1 Wachstumsanalyse S. 92 5.1.2 Trockenstressversuch mit Bacillus subtilis FZB24® flüssig S. 102 5.2 Ergebnisse S. 108 5.2.1 Wachstumsanalysen S. 108 5.2.2 Trockenstressversuch mit Bacillus subtilis FZB24® flüssig S. 120 5.3 Diskussion S. 121 5.3.1 Wachstumsanalysen S. 121 5.3.2 Trockenstressversuch mit Bacillus subtilis FZB24® flüssig S. 125 5.4 Zusammenfassung S. 126 6 Wasserhaushalt S. 128 6.1 Material und Methoden S. 132 6.1.1 Transpiration von Einzelpflanzen S. 132 6.1.2 Evapotranspiration des Pflanzenbestandes S. 134 6.2 Ergebnisse S. 139 6.2.1 Transpiration von Einzelpflanzen S. 139 6.2.2 Evapotranspiration des Pflanzenbestandes S. 143 6.3 Diskussion S. 147 6.3.1 Transpiration von Einzelpflanzen S. 147 6.3.2 Evapotranspiration des Pflanzenbestandes S. 150 6.4 Exkurs Blattdickenmessung S. 151 6.5 Zusammenfassung S. 158 7 Schlussfolgerungen S. 161 8 Anhang Abbildungen S. 165 9 Anhang Tabellen S. 176 10 Literaturverzeichnis S. 191

This practicum is a reference for vertical gardeners in cold climates. Winnipeg, Manitoba is explored, however findings may be applied to other cities in similar climates. First, the history of vertical gardening is discussed, then the types of vertical gardens currently on the market are described. These can be classified into two categories: soil bearing or non-soil bearing. Most designs are modular pre-planted systems that can be attached to any wall, as long as it satisfies the structural requirements recommended by the manufacturer. The benefits of vertical gardening have been shown to be rather extensive, covering a wide range of areas. Aesthetic improvement, reduction of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, improvement of air quality, stormwater absorption, noise reduction, native habitat integration, reduction of heating and cooling costs for buildings, food production, marketing, and biophilia are all benefits explored in detail. Difficulties associated with vertical gardening are discussed, specifically the lack of knowledge and awareness of vertical gardens, lack of empirical evidence (or missing details in existing research), overall cost and lack of financial incentives, lack of industry codes, and various associated risks. Design framework exists within microclimate conditions unique to vertical gardens, as well as neighbourhood and regional (micro)climates. Theories relating to the study of green walls covered include the human ecosystem model, urban reconciliation ecology, habitat templating, the urban cliff hypothesis, and wall ecology. Suitable habitat templates identified for vertical gardens in Winnipeg are cliffs, sand dunes, alvars, mixed grass prairie and prairie potholes. Design parameters to be followed for vertical garden design in Winnipeg are to ensure that lightweight materials are used, to provide insulation to protect plants from sudden temperature changes, to choose plants that grow in the region and are adapted to grow in areas with limited soil, increased wind, varying degrees of sunlight (depending on orientation), and increased pollution and salt spray depending on location. / October 2015