Thesis (Ph. D.)--Uppsala Universitet, 2000. / With English abstract and summary. Includes bibliographical references (p. 283-295).

Thèse (M.A.)--Université Laval, 2008. / Bibliogr.: f. [90]-94. Publié aussi en version électronique dans la Collection Mémoires et thèses électroniques.

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The main purpose of the research was to examine the process of lobbying in the context of the pharmaceutical industry. It sought to explore "why" and "how" multinational companies carried out pharmaceutical lobbying in Argentina. The study aimed to build valid substantive theory that could be used to analyse pharmaceutical lobbying from different perspectives and used corporatism and pluralism to explain the relationship between the pharmaceutical industry and government. The application of interest groups formation theory permitted the identification of the pharmaceutical industry as an interest group and the identification of its lobbying style. Lobbying theories based on contribution payments and transmission of information were explored in order to understand the use of these policies in the process of pharmaceutical lobbying. The review of literature on American pharmaceutical lobbying helped in understanding the peculiar instruments and practices present in pharmaceutical lobbying and gave the reader an understanding of the characteristics of this market. The research took a phenomenological methodological approach and the research paradigm was post-positivist and constructivist. The researcher followed the grounded theory methodology approach of Strauss and Corbin. The researcher collected data through in-depth semi-structured interviews and participant observation of in-house and external pharmaceutical lobbyists as well as officials. The study made several contributions. Firstly, it positioned the pharmaceutical industry as an interest group in the pluralism-corporatism axis as a means to provide a framework for the understanding of its lobbying activities. Secondly, the study defined the lobbying style of the pharmaceutical industry in Argentina compared to lobbying performed in the USA and the EU. Thirdly, it provided a pharmaceutical industry basic lobbying model for Argentina that can be tested in other countries. Finally, it provided a model of cooperative or individual lobbying that stated when it was convenient to build coalitions.

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Lobbing - economic and legal aspects Abstract This thesis sets to explore lobbying from an economic and juridical standpoint. The main objective is to analyse various methods of regulating lobbying. The analysis is focused on the legal framework for lobbying and its wider implication for the society. It also aims to answer further questions: what lobbying methods are being practiced, who the key players are and what economic and juridical tools are available for the regulation of lobbying. In order to address the last of these questions, it was essential to explore both the latest and historical legal alterations of lobbying. The author also focuses on the juridical and economic consequences derived from the latest lobbying laws and regulation abroad and impacts of the juridical and economic tools that are currently in use. This thesis further explores the current juridical state of lobbying within the Czech Republic and its potential development. All of these materials are analysed in order to identify which methods and tools are ideal to establish the right regulatory conditions for lobbying in the Czech Republic and which methods and tools should be avoided. The thesis is divided into 9 sections, starting with a basic explanation of the lobbying fundamentals. The second section is dedicated to the...

Lobbing - economic and legal aspects Abstract This thesis sets to explore lobbying from an economic and juridical standpoint. The main objective is to analyse various methods of regulating lobbying. The analysis is focused on the legal framework for lobbying and its wider implication for the society. It also aims to answer further questions: what lobbying methods are being practiced, who the key players are and what economic and juridical tools are available for the regulation of lobbying. In order to address the last of these questions, it was essential to explore both the latest and historical legal alterations of lobbying. The author also focuses on the juridical and economic consequences derived from the latest lobbying laws and regulation abroad and impacts of the juridical and economic tools that are currently in use. This thesis further explores the current juridical state of lobbying within the Czech Republic and its potential development. All of these materials are analysed in order to identify which methods and tools are ideal to establish the right regulatory conditions for lobbying in the Czech Republic and which methods and tools should be avoided. The thesis is divided into 9 sections, starting with a basic explanation of the lobbying fundamentals. The second section is dedicated to the...

This dissertation addresses the economic behavior and political influence activities by lobbyists today by examining the existence, mechanisms, and welfare implications of commercial lobbying activities and their optimal regulation. In the second chapter of this dissertation, a novel model of lobbying is presented that explains the behavior of commercial lobbying firms (such as the so-called K-Street lobbyists of Washington, D.C.). In contrast to classical special interest groups, commercial lobbying firms represent a variety of clients and are not directly affected by policy outcomes. They are hired by citizens to advocate policy proposals to politicians that are beneficial to the citizens but also have social implications. Using a model with a market for lobbying services and agency relationships between lobbyists and policymakers it can be shown why commercial lobbying firms exist. It can also be shown that self-interested policymakers, who observe lobbying activities, may employ commercial lobbying firms in a socially inefficient manner. In the third chapter of this dissertation, the analysis examines the effective regulation of commercial lobbying activities and focuses on the endogenous choice of regulatory institutions. The analysis uses the model of commercial lobbying presented in the second chapter. I derive the institutional conditions under which a market outcome can be first-best as well as the conditions under which a first-best institution will be self-stable. One result is that current regulations may fail to be effective and cannot limit lobbyists' and policymakers' incentives to substitute financial contributions for the socially beneficial acquisition of information. Additional results explain why endogenous reforms may or may not occur. In the fourth chapter of this dissertation, the analysis uses a dynamic model of commercial lobbying with lobbyists who undertake unobservable investigation efforts and promise financial contributions. It is shown that repeated relationships with lobbyists simplify a policymaker's information and contracting problem and help policymakers to escape a "cheap talk" lobbying game. The welfare implications of these interactions depend on whether the policymakers' information or contracting problem predominates. Further, the policymaker's information problem may actually improve welfare outcomes. Similarly, financial contributions may also improve welfare outcomes. This dissertation includes unpublished co-authored material.

Notre recherche porte sur la façon dont en Europe les groupements des consommateurs cherchent à gagner en pouvoir en développant leurs stratégies d’influence au sein de l’industrie du lobbying. Nous avons aussi cherché à évaluer l’incidence d’Internet sur leur degré de compétitivité et leur capacité d’influence. Nous avons mobilisé des éléments de réflexion théorique utiles à l’analyse du lobbying, tels que le concept d’influence, divers concepts de l’économie industrielle et les groupements de consommateurs. Nous concluons que les groupements de consommateurs lobbyistes sont des stakeholders (Freeman, 1984) à part entière et nous proposons notre propre définition du lobbying, ainsi qu’un enrichissement du lobbying-mix en lien avec Internet. Nous faisons le constat de l’émergence d’une nouvelle force (Porter, 1979, 2008), celle du lobbying, qui innerve de façon larvée l’ensemble de la structure de toute industrie. Notre stratégie d’accès au réel s’est construite autour de deux études de cas et d’une enquête qualitative auprès d’une population d’associations de consommateurs de 31 pays d’Europe, permettant de faire une synthèse exhaustive de l’existant. Nos apports théoriques et méthodologiques comprennent une description et une définition de l’industrie du lobbying. Ils concernent aussi la notion de stratégie d’influence et la recherche sur les groupements de consommateurs. Les apports opérationnels concernent l’analyse et la compréhension du rôle et des stratégies des associations de consommateurs à l’échelle européenne, des interactions entre acteurs de l’industrie du lobbying et de l’impact d’Internet sur les stratégies d’influence des associations de consommateurs. / The research focuses on how in Europe consumer groups attempt to increase their power by developing their influence strategies within the lobbying industry. We also try to assess the impact of the Internet on their level of competitiveness and their ability to influence. We have made use of theoretical reflections relevant to analysing the lobbying, such as the concept of influence, various concepts of the industrial economy, and consumer groups. We conclude from our review that lobbying consumer groups are fully-fledged stakeholders (Freeman, 1984). We propose our own definition of lobbying as well as an improved view of the lobbying-mix in conjunction with Internet usages. We observe the emergence of a new force (Porter, 1979, 2008) : the one of lobbying, which innervates in a concealed way the whole structure of any industry. The lobbying industry lives on its highly added value offer of services and has a double tradable asset. Our strategy to confront reality is twofold. We have conducted two case studies as well as a qualitative survey with a population of consumer associations representing 31 European countries, thus enabling us to offer a complete overview of the existing landscape. Our theoretical and methodological contributions include a description and a definition of the lobbying industry. They are also related to the very notion of influence strategy and research on consumer groups. Operational contributions concern the analysis and understanding of the role and strategies of consumer associations at the European level, interactions between actors of the lobbying industry, and the impact of the Internet on the influence strategies of consumer associations.

Regulation of lobbying in the Czech Republic including a proposal de lege ferenda Transparent lobbying and his regulation is natural and necessary part of functioning of democratic states. Regulation of lobbying done by legislation is supposed to be a fundamental element of transparency of democracies in 21st century; an essential element of an integrated system of development in approximation of civil society and public institutions, mutual trust and transparency in mutual relations. Regulated lobbying should enable citizens of a democratic society to exercise their right to public control of processes associated with the formation of laws, legal norms of lesser legal force and other important decisions. This thesis describes the current situation (March 2016) in the regulation of lobbying in the Czech Republic and choses, by author, suitable alternatives of solution to the lobbying regulation in the future. Due to the fact that lobbying is not regulated or defined by any law in the Czech Republic, lobbying is often pejoratively confused with corruption and generally misunderstood and negatively perceived by the public. The aim of the thesis is to present possible views on the solution to the problematic of regulation of lobbying in Czech Republic. The thesis is divided into two chapters. The...