Le traitement antibiotique local de l'infection osseuse par le polyméthacrylate de méthyle (PMMA), chargé de gentamicine ou de tobramycine, montre actuellement des limites. Ses inconvénients sont liés à la non résorbabilité du PMMA et à la rétention d'une grande partie de l'antibiotique intégré au PMMA. L’association fréquente à l’infection de pertes de substance osseuse a favorisé la recherche de vecteurs d’antibiothérapie locale, alternative au PMMA, parmi les substituts de comblement osseux résorbables et ostéoconducteurs. Les ciments phosphocalciques (CPC) pourraient devenir parmi les plus performants dans cette utilisation. Ils sont biocompatibles et offrent avec le Dicalcium Phosphate-ß-Tricalcium Phosphate (DCPD-ß-TCP), un CPC, la possibilité d'obtention d'un mélange DCPD-ß-TCP-gentamicine à une température de 43°C n'altérant pas l'antibiotique, contrairement aux céramiques phosphocalciques qui sont fabriquées par frittage à très haute température. Le but de notre travail était de tester in vitro (élution d’antibiotique) et in vivo (essai de traitement d'ostéite expérimentale) le DCPD-ß-TCP-gentamicine comme alternative possible au PMMA-gentamicine. [...] / Local antibiotic treatment of osteomyelitis is based on the use of gentamicin- (or tobramycin-) loaded polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). These two aminoglycosides are effective against most cultured orthopedic microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, the most frequent cause of infection. The extensive use of PMMA as a Local Antibiotic Delivery System (LADS) has various disadvantages. Firstly, only a small proportion (about 5 to 17%) of the antibiotic is released by the cement (trapping effect). Secondly, the most significant problem is that PMMA is not resorbable and presents a physical obstacle to osteogenesis. A second surgical operation is therefore always required to remove the PMMA and to fill the cavity caused by bone loss with a bone graft or a synthetic substitute. Several absorbable synthetic substitutes, such as calcium phosphate ceramics, calcium sulfate, and polymers of polylactic-polyglycolic acids, have been investigated as antibiotic carriers. These synthetic substitutes are largely underused as LADS in clinical practice. Polymers are not perfectly biocompatible, and ceramics provide a burst release of antibiotics as a consequence of their manufacturing techniques (Antibiotic adsorption onto the carrier, after sintering of the carrier at high temperature, 1000-1200°C). We have developed a possible alternative to gentamicin loaded-PMMA for local treatment of osteomyelitis in the form of novel calcium phosphate cement (CPC): dicalcium phosphate dihydrate-β-tricalcium phosphate (DCPD-β-TCP). The biocompatibility of such a cement has been demonstrated experimentally and has been clinically confirmed for the treatment of burst fractures and for filling bone cavities in osteoporotic fractures. DCPD-ß-TCP is made in granules from 2 to 3 mm in diameter to avoid the superficial ―creeping substitution‖ observed when DCPD-β-TCP is used as a cement block. [...]