Thesis (M. Soc. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1985.

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1985. / Also available in print.

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Europos Bendrija nuo įkūrimo, kuriuo buvo siekiama išimtinai ekonominių tikslų, žymiai pasikeitė. Dabar ji yra įvardijama kaip savita teisinė sistema, sukurianti teisies ir pareigas ne tik valstybėms narėms, bet ir privatiems asmenims. Europos Bendrijoje, paremtoje teisės viršenybės principu, turi būti numatytas Bendrijos teisės aktų teisėtumo priežiūros procedūrų mechanizmas. Privačių asmenų teisė inicijuoti teisėtumo priežiūros procedūras bei locus standi (teisės į ieškinį) sąlygos yra tiesiogiai numatytos Sutarties 230(4) straipsnyje. Lietuviškoje literatūroje privačių asmenų teisė pateikti ieškinį yra aptarta labai glaustai. Apsiribota tik trumpu kliūčių pateikti ieškinį dėl panaikinimo aprašymu bei pagrindinių bylų paminėjimu. Ir nors užsienio literatūroje privačių asmenų locus standi sąlygos yra plačiai išnagrinėtos, dar nėra atlikta tyrimų dėl naujoje Lisabonos sutartyje numatytų pakeitimų. Šiame moksliniame tiriamajame darbe siekiama atskleisti privataus asmens sąvoką, išanalizuoti reikalavimus teisės aktams, dėl kurių yra galimi ieškiniai dėl panaikinimo, išnagrinėti locus standi sąlygas, kurias turi atitikti privatus asmuo pateikiantis ieškinį dėl Bendrijos teisės akto panaikinimo. Taip pat aptariama 234 ir 241 straipsnių, kaip papildančių teisėtumo priežiūros Bendrijoje sistemą, reikšmė bei 230(4) straipsnio pakeitimų, numatytų Lisabonos sutartyje prasmė. Šio darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti privačių asmenų galimybes inicijuoti teisėtumo priežiūros procedūras... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The European Community (EC) since its establishment as a pure economic community with the goal to bring about economic integration between few European countries now has created a platform for international corporation and evolved in having influence on private persons. As based on the rule of law, the Community must have a mechanism for testing the substantial and procedural legality of measures, adopted by Community institutions. The legal basis for bringing an action for annulment is the 230 article of the EC Treaty. The fourth paragraph of this article determines the circumstances under which natural and legal persons may bring an action for annulment. In foreign literature the question of standing of private applicants is often analysed, though no studies are yet made on the amendments of Lisabon treaty. As for Lithuanian literature, the standing of private parties is not much discussed, so the analysis made in this paper is practicable for Lithuanian individuals. The master’s thesis seeks to analyse what is a private person, the measures, that may be challenged and the conditions a private applicant must fulfill in order to have locus standi (a right to bring an action). It also studies the purpose and importance of articles 234 and 241 EC, as these are also measures for initiating a review procedure in the Court of Justice. The purpose of this paper is to settle weather the obstacles and difficulties a private person meets in order to bring an action for annulment... [to full text]

Environmentalists citizens groups, legal practitioners academics and the ordinary citizens in South Africa today are over-excited with the prospects of the environmental rights litigation under the final Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996 signed by the State President in Cape Town on the 18th December 1996. For the first time in the history of South Africa environmental rights have been lifted to the status of fundamental constitutional and human rights. From an environmental perspective the upliftment of environmental rights to the level of constitutional protection is a great achievement that will benefit all South Africans. This dissertation throws some light on the concept of locus standi and public interest litigation as they have developed In the New South African Constitution followed by an exposition of the common law rules of legal standing. The focus of attention will then turn to the extent to which the Interim Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 200 of 1993 and the final Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 1996 extend or broaden the scope of standing followed by a brief survey of legal standing of environmental associations in various countries. Finally the document will conclude with a brief commentary on the law of standing in South Africa and possible suggestions for reform. / Thesis (LL.M.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1997.

The research analyses the locus standi before administrative courts in Italy and Germany, in the perspective of the evolution of the aim and the scope of the judicial review of the administrative action. Starting from an examination of the historical outlines regarding the judicial review in the two systems, the current research explores the theoretical contours of the concepts of standing and interest to act, focusing also on the analysis of the judicial understanding of both these concepts. The analysis is conducted from a comparative point of view, through the study of the case law in the Italian and German legal systems. The aim pursued is to verify, through a comparison between the different experiences, the existence of a possible ongoing mutation - attributable to the Europeanisation of the administrative process - that alters the characteristics of the Italian and German administrative judgment in the access to protection. The comparative investigation shows how the changes that can be found in the judicial review of are in part analogous in the two legal systems and are connected to the importance of certain interests of a general nature at the legal level. It also makes it possible to reflect on the identification of a model capable of overcoming the difficulty regarding the compatibility between interests of a general nature and the predominantly subjective logic of the judicial review of administrative action in Italy and Germany.

LL.M. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

<p>This research examines the effectiveness of these dispute resolution mechanisms in environmental disputes and what improvements should be made in order to make those mechanisms suitable for these types of disputes.</p>

In 1986, the Supreme Court of Canada cogently summarized various judicial concerns relating to the expansion of public interest standing. In doing so, the Supreme Court invited judges to engage in a purposive and functional enquiry in exercising their discretion to grant access to public interest litigants. That enquiry should take account of the broad social, political and legal factors that provide the backdrop to the constitutional claim. However, both judges and commentators alike have failed to meet this challenge. Instead, they have applied the principles of standing in an increasingly categorical and abstract manner. To this end, they have employed the abstractly defined, directly affected individual without considering who he or she is in the particular circumstances, or what benefits he or she would bring to the litigation process. This is of particular concern when our context is inequality. The increasing abstraction of public interest standing jars discordantly with the purposive interpretation of section 15(1) of the Charter, so that while equality is determined in a contextual fashion, equal access is still conceived of in an abstract fashion. In abstracting the directly affected individual out of relations of radical inequality, there has been a presumption that we all, as individuals, have an equal opportunity (and equal resources) to raise our constitutional concerns in the courts. This presumption cannot be accepted. We need to inject some context into standing. To do so, we must appreciate that inequality is a product of the distribution of power in society, and that equality is to be furthered through multi-dimensionality and respect for diversity. Armed with these insights, we must revisit the judicial concerns that underpin the development of the public interest standing doctrine, and unpack their meaning in a purposive fashion. When we do so, we will begin to appreciate that the traditional resolution of these concerns actually serves to exclude disadvantaged persons from enforcing their Charter rights and obscures the diffuse causality characteristics of disadvantage. From the contextual perspective of social-inequality-as-power, the concerns underpinning public interest standing actually promote judicial access for the public interest organization that represents disadvantaged persons.

<p>This research examines the effectiveness of these dispute resolution mechanisms in environmental disputes and what improvements should be made in order to make those mechanisms suitable for these types of disputes.</p>