Europos Bendrija nuo įkūrimo, kuriuo buvo siekiama išimtinai ekonominių tikslų, žymiai pasikeitė. Dabar ji yra įvardijama kaip savita teisinė sistema, sukurianti teisies ir pareigas ne tik valstybėms narėms, bet ir privatiems asmenims. Europos Bendrijoje, paremtoje teisės viršenybės principu, turi būti numatytas Bendrijos teisės aktų teisėtumo priežiūros procedūrų mechanizmas. Privačių asmenų teisė inicijuoti teisėtumo priežiūros procedūras bei locus standi (teisės į ieškinį) sąlygos yra tiesiogiai numatytos Sutarties 230(4) straipsnyje. Lietuviškoje literatūroje privačių asmenų teisė pateikti ieškinį yra aptarta labai glaustai. Apsiribota tik trumpu kliūčių pateikti ieškinį dėl panaikinimo aprašymu bei pagrindinių bylų paminėjimu. Ir nors užsienio literatūroje privačių asmenų locus standi sąlygos yra plačiai išnagrinėtos, dar nėra atlikta tyrimų dėl naujoje Lisabonos sutartyje numatytų pakeitimų. Šiame moksliniame tiriamajame darbe siekiama atskleisti privataus asmens sąvoką, išanalizuoti reikalavimus teisės aktams, dėl kurių yra galimi ieškiniai dėl panaikinimo, išnagrinėti locus standi sąlygas, kurias turi atitikti privatus asmuo pateikiantis ieškinį dėl Bendrijos teisės akto panaikinimo. Taip pat aptariama 234 ir 241 straipsnių, kaip papildančių teisėtumo priežiūros Bendrijoje sistemą, reikšmė bei 230(4) straipsnio pakeitimų, numatytų Lisabonos sutartyje prasmė. Šio darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti privačių asmenų galimybes inicijuoti teisėtumo priežiūros procedūras... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The European Community (EC) since its establishment as a pure economic community with the goal to bring about economic integration between few European countries now has created a platform for international corporation and evolved in having influence on private persons. As based on the rule of law, the Community must have a mechanism for testing the substantial and procedural legality of measures, adopted by Community institutions. The legal basis for bringing an action for annulment is the 230 article of the EC Treaty. The fourth paragraph of this article determines the circumstances under which natural and legal persons may bring an action for annulment. In foreign literature the question of standing of private applicants is often analysed, though no studies are yet made on the amendments of Lisabon treaty. As for Lithuanian literature, the standing of private parties is not much discussed, so the analysis made in this paper is practicable for Lithuanian individuals. The master’s thesis seeks to analyse what is a private person, the measures, that may be challenged and the conditions a private applicant must fulfill in order to have locus standi (a right to bring an action). It also studies the purpose and importance of articles 234 and 241 EC, as these are also measures for initiating a review procedure in the Court of Justice. The purpose of this paper is to settle weather the obstacles and difficulties a private person meets in order to bring an action for annulment... [to full text]

Text in Afrikaans / Die private persoon het sekere bevoegdhede betreffende die arrestasie en die gebruik van geweld tydens arrestasie van lede van die publiek wat misdade pleeg/gepleeg het. Hierdie bevoegdheid spruit uit sowel die gemenereg as die wettereg. Kragtens die Suid-Afrikaanse Strafproseswet word hierdie bevoegdhede gereel deur aa 42 en 49. Oewerbewoners as eienaars van grand is geregtig op die onverstoorde gebruik en genot van hulle eiendom. Daarteenoor is kanovaarders ook daarop geregtig om op openbare ri vi ere vir wedvaarte te oefen. Di t is egter belangrik om vas te stel of die portage van kano's op die oewer insidenteel is tot die reg om op die rivier te vaar. Ewewig moet bewerkstellig word tussen die botsende belange. Die Waterwet 54 van 1956 behoort gewysig en vereenvoudig te word, aangesien Suid-Afrika nie slegs op die RomeinsHollandse reg kan staatmaak nie - ons waterprobleme staan direk teenoor die van die Nederlande. / The private person has certain powers regarding the arrest and the use of force to effect the arrest of members of the public who have committed/are committing offences. These powers are derived from either common law or statutory law. In terms of the South African Criminal Procedure Act these powers are regulated by ss 42 and 49. Riparian owners are entitled to the undisturbed use and enjoyment of their property. On the other hand, canoeists are also entitled to practise on public rivers. It is important, however, to ascertain whether portage of canoes on the river bank is incidental to the right of canoeing on the river. A balance should be struck between these conflicting interests. The Water Act 54 of 1956 should be amended and simplified, since South Africa cannot rely on Roman Dutch law alone - our water problems are the complete opposite of those in the Netherlands. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.M. (Straf- en Strafprosesreg)

La réparation internationale de dommages individuels est un sujet assez nouveau et peu réglementé en droit des gens. Chapitre manquant du droit de la responsabilité internationale de l’État tel qu’il a été codifié par la Commission du droit international des Nations Unies dans son Projet d’articles sur la responsabilité de l’État pour fait internationalement illicite (2001), la responsabilité internationale de l’État à l’égard de l’individu trouve dans la jurisprudence de la Cour interaméricaine des droits de l’homme un environnement salutaire à son développement. Jouissant d’une compétence large en matière de réparations conférée par l’article 63§1 de la Convention américaine des droits de l’homme, la Cour interaméricaine a développé une jurisprudence très riche et originale qui fournit un ensemble coordonné de règles et principes permettant de dégager un régime juridique de la réparation de dommages individuels dans le cadre de rapports transétatiques. L’étude du régime de réparations interaméricain permet d’identifier que ses spécificités – liées à la nature transétatique du rapport de responsabilité et à la nature grave des violations qu’on retrouve dans le contentieux régional – n’impliquent pas un détournement des règles classiques de la responsabilité internationale mais plutôt leur complétion : le régime juridique de la réparation qui se dégage de la jurisprudence de la Cour interaméricaine contribue définitivement à combler les lacunes du droit des gens ayant trait à la discipline de la réparation internationale de dommages soufferts par des personnes privées. / The international reparation of damages suffered by individuals is a relatively new subject that hasn´t received the amount of attention it deserves from international law. The international responsibility of the State towards individuals is indeed a topic missing from the Draft articles on responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts adopted in 2001 by the United Nations International Law Commission, which was mainly featured to discipline the responsibility of a State towards another State. The jurisprudence of the Inter - American Court of Human Rights might considerably contribute to filling this important gap in the law of international responsibility. Taking advantage of its large competence to order reparation measures according to article 63§1 of the American Convention of Human Rights, the Inter-American Court has developed a substantial and original jurisprudence leading to the establishment of a legal regime on the reparation of individual damages on the basis of the international responsibility of the State. From the study of the inter -american regime on reparations, it can be inferred that its specificities – deriving from the particular character of the State responsibility towards the individual and from the seriousness of the human rights violations brought to the Court – do not lead to a diversion from the general rules on State responsibility, but rather to their completion: the legal regime of reparation that comes out from the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court definitely contributes in filling the lacunas of international law with regards to the discipline of the international reparation of damages caused to private persons.

Text in Afrikaans / Die private persoon het sekere bevoegdhede betreffende die arrestasie en die gebruik van geweld tydens arrestasie van lede van die publiek wat misdade pleeg/gepleeg het. Hierdie bevoegdheid spruit uit sowel die gemenereg as die wettereg. Kragtens die Suid-Afrikaanse Strafproseswet word hierdie bevoegdhede gereel deur aa 42 en 49. Oewerbewoners as eienaars van grand is geregtig op die onverstoorde gebruik en genot van hulle eiendom. Daarteenoor is kanovaarders ook daarop geregtig om op openbare ri vi ere vir wedvaarte te oefen. Di t is egter belangrik om vas te stel of die portage van kano's op die oewer insidenteel is tot die reg om op die rivier te vaar. Ewewig moet bewerkstellig word tussen die botsende belange. Die Waterwet 54 van 1956 behoort gewysig en vereenvoudig te word, aangesien Suid-Afrika nie slegs op die RomeinsHollandse reg kan staatmaak nie - ons waterprobleme staan direk teenoor die van die Nederlande. / The private person has certain powers regarding the arrest and the use of force to effect the arrest of members of the public who have committed/are committing offences. These powers are derived from either common law or statutory law. In terms of the South African Criminal Procedure Act these powers are regulated by ss 42 and 49. Riparian owners are entitled to the undisturbed use and enjoyment of their property. On the other hand, canoeists are also entitled to practise on public rivers. It is important, however, to ascertain whether portage of canoes on the river bank is incidental to the right of canoeing on the river. A balance should be struck between these conflicting interests. The Water Act 54 of 1956 should be amended and simplified, since South Africa cannot rely on Roman Dutch law alone - our water problems are the complete opposite of those in the Netherlands. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M. (Straf- en Strafprosesreg)