The need for the concrete analysis of Trespass is dictated by current struggles over the conditions of land possession in the conjuncture. Whilst only a Marxist approach is capable of accounting for the complexity of the totality of Trespass and related law, the principal general theories of law and the State are prevented from doing justice to this task by their common rationalist conception of the abstract/concrete relation and their consequent inability to satisfactorily ground concrete socio-legal analysis. The proper understanding of Marx's method of investigation in Capital, however, can provide the basis for such analysis, through the specification of a concrete-abstract- concrete methodological trajectory which respects the specificity of the particular object of study. The point of departure for the analysis of Trespass is its simplest and most irreducible expression in concrete social practice: The equal right to exclude the world from interference with the possession of land. The concrete particular is analyzed through scientific Abstraction, which further accompanies the movement from simple to ever more complex aspects of the object until the concrete totality of law securing relations of ownership, possession and separation is explained in its complex form and function. Finally the broadest Concrete Totality of Trespass and related law is revealed in the full context of its political and socio-economic determinations in the conjuncture: The fundamental pre-condition of the transformation of Trespass in the 1970's is the crisis of capital accumulation, as mediated through domestic and industrial crises and the phenomena of squatting and factory occupations which have threatened existing relations of possession and the institutions of exclusive property right. Law is ultimately revealed as a terrain of struggle that has enabled the greater possessors to resolve the legal and socio-economic crisis to their own advantage at the expense of lesser possessory interests.

Trespassing behaviour is a problem for railway operations and manifests itself through train-pedestrian collisions, incidents of theft and vandalism to rail infrastructure, as well as encroachment on railway property. The study has consisted of a quantitative and a qualitative part. The quantitative part analyses demographic, temporal and spatial data on train-pedestrian fatalities and injuries, as well as data on occurrences of theft and malicious damage to rail infrastructure in the Cape Town Functional Region between 2015 and 2018. The qualitative part presents the perspective from a diverse group of subject matter experts, having explored opinions on trespassing behaviours and preventative measures. Additionally, the trespassing behaviour at several sites was investigated and a case study evaluation of the efficacy of a pilot Rail Enforcement Unit was carried out. There were 456 railway-related deaths during the study period with 330 of this being train-pedestrian collisions. There were 4715 occurrences of theft and malicious damage to railway assets over the period. Several hot-spot areas were identified via the data and interviews with experts and several sites chosen for further verification. Site visits confirmed widespread trespassing behaviours with the two worst locations recording an average of over 300 persons in a 15-minute period. The case study reviewing the effectiveness of the security and enforcement countermeasure revealed that occurrences of train-pedestrian incidents, as well as security occurrences have increased by 1.4% and 7.5% respectively. Evidence of geographical displacement of crime is evident, suggesting that enforcement countermeasures are temporarily effective and need to be considered in combination with other measures to ensure its durability. In conclusion, this research presents a detailed analysis of railway trespassing and its main effects in order to understand the problem locally. Different approaches are required to combat the various guises of railway trespassing. Certain countermeasures may well be within the rail operator's remit, but essentially, the nature of problems experienced by the rail operator is beyond a rail problem, and requires a systems approach involving multiple authorities

Timber theft is a crime within the forest industry which has not received a large amount of attention within research literature. As a result, there are no recent estimates available of the extent of the problem. The southern Appalachian region has conditions which seem to be conducive to timber theft, but convictions for timber theft in the area are infrequent. In order to address these issues, a study was undertaken in a 20 county region of the southern Appalachians to interview law enforcement officers and prosecuting attorneys about their knowledge of timber theft and their current level of investigation and prosecution. To ascertain the extent of timber theft, interviews were also carried out with both industrial and non-industrial landowners. The survey results indicate that both prosecuting attorneys and law enforcement officers are generally knowledgeable regarding timber theft and trespass. Results were similar between those individuals who had experience with the crime as well as those who did not. The overriding perception from both prosecuting attorneys and law enforcement officers was that timber theft should be handled as a civil violation. This perception was primarily a result of the frequent lack of properly located boundary lines to prove ownership of the property, and the difficulty of proving criminal intent. The study found 22 convictions for timber theft out of 36 criminal cases in the past three years. Due to a low response rate (16%) from non-industrial private forest landowners, estimates of the extent of timber theft were determined from the industrial landowner data and the law enforcement and attorney surveys. Based on these data, the impact of timber theft was conservatively estimated at 120 incidents per year, resulting in a loss of approximately $300,000 per year within the study area. An extrapolation of this to the entire southern Appalachian region would mean over $4 million per year. The results of this research indicates that there are potential areas for improvement in the conviction of timber theft offenders as well as in reducing the total number of theft incidents. The current statutes used to deal with timber theft are generally inadequate to provide prosecutors with the potential to convict most timber thieves because of the unique evidentiary requirements of a timber theft. As a result, changes in the statute would likely provide the greatest remedy. Civil statutes are also inadequate in many states to provide landowners the opportunity to obtain a suitable civil judgment. Information needs to be disseminated to landowners, law enforcement officers, and prosecuting attorneys about the aspects of timber theft which are most pertinent to them, and how the problem should be dealt with both before and after the theft. / Master of Science

Nos últimos anos, busca-se através da articulação entre os conceitos de hipermodernidade, neoliberalismo, globalização, mídia, sociedade de consumo, transgressão, tentar compreender a complexidade da sociedade contemporânea. Neste contexto, os jovens crescem marcados pelas contradições e paradoxos gerados pela sociedade capitalista, em meio aos valores da sociedade de consumo, da circulação de um mundo globalizado e a crescente desigualdade social em alguns países como o Brasil. Este trabalho surge a partir da minha vivência com crianças e adolescentes de famílias atendidas no Conselho Tutelar do Município do Rio de Janeiro e, posteriormente, como assessora de direção de um Centro de Referência Especial de Assistência Social, localizado na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, em área empobrecida. Percebe-se a transformação do conceito de consumo de bens para satisfação das necessidades em promessa de felicidade através da satisfação dos desejos, sendo estes últimos constantemente sugestionados aos sujeitos pela mídia. Percebe-se que a juventude está atravessada pelo sistema capitalista e sofre grandes pressões para se integrar em uma sociedade de consumo. Como conseqüências desta tentativa de integração, muitas vezes o jovem é levado à transgressão da lei, criando formas alternativas de acesso a esses desejados bens que o levam, e a suas famílias, à tutela do Estado, que percebe o fenômeno de forma isolada e individualizada, tendo dificuldades de propor saídas que de fato enfrentem os valores e as perversões do sistema. / In recent years, search through the joint enters the concepts of hipermodernity, neoliberalism, globalization, media, and society of consumption, trespass, to try to understand the complexity of the society contemporary. In this context, the young grows marked for the contradictions and paradoxes generated for the capitalist society, in way to the values of the society of consumption, the circulation of a globalized world and the increasing social inequality in some countries as Brazil. This work appears from my experience with children and adolescents of families taken care of Tutorial Council of the City of Rio de Janeiro and, later, like assessor of direction of a Center of Special Reference of Social Assistance, located in the region metropolitan of the Rio de Janeiro, in poor area. It is perceived constantly transformation of the concept of consumption of good for satisfaction of the necessities in promise of happiness through the satisfaction of the desires, being these last ones suggest to the citizens for the media. One perceives that youth is crossed by the capitalist system and suffers great pressures to combine itself in a consumption society. As consequences of this attempt of integration, many times the young is taken to the trespass of the law, having created alternative forms of access to these desired goods that take it, and its families, to the guardianship of the State, that perceives the phenomenon of isolated form and individualized, having difficulties to consider exits that in fact face the values and the perversions of the system.

Nos últimos anos, busca-se através da articulação entre os conceitos de hipermodernidade, neoliberalismo, globalização, mídia, sociedade de consumo, transgressão, tentar compreender a complexidade da sociedade contemporânea. Neste contexto, os jovens crescem marcados pelas contradições e paradoxos gerados pela sociedade capitalista, em meio aos valores da sociedade de consumo, da circulação de um mundo globalizado e a crescente desigualdade social em alguns países como o Brasil. Este trabalho surge a partir da minha vivência com crianças e adolescentes de famílias atendidas no Conselho Tutelar do Município do Rio de Janeiro e, posteriormente, como assessora de direção de um Centro de Referência Especial de Assistência Social, localizado na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, em área empobrecida. Percebe-se a transformação do conceito de consumo de bens para satisfação das necessidades em promessa de felicidade através da satisfação dos desejos, sendo estes últimos constantemente sugestionados aos sujeitos pela mídia. Percebe-se que a juventude está atravessada pelo sistema capitalista e sofre grandes pressões para se integrar em uma sociedade de consumo. Como conseqüências desta tentativa de integração, muitas vezes o jovem é levado à transgressão da lei, criando formas alternativas de acesso a esses desejados bens que o levam, e a suas famílias, à tutela do Estado, que percebe o fenômeno de forma isolada e individualizada, tendo dificuldades de propor saídas que de fato enfrentem os valores e as perversões do sistema. / In recent years, search through the joint enters the concepts of hipermodernity, neoliberalism, globalization, media, and society of consumption, trespass, to try to understand the complexity of the society contemporary. In this context, the young grows marked for the contradictions and paradoxes generated for the capitalist society, in way to the values of the society of consumption, the circulation of a globalized world and the increasing social inequality in some countries as Brazil. This work appears from my experience with children and adolescents of families taken care of Tutorial Council of the City of Rio de Janeiro and, later, like assessor of direction of a Center of Special Reference of Social Assistance, located in the region metropolitan of the Rio de Janeiro, in poor area. It is perceived constantly transformation of the concept of consumption of good for satisfaction of the necessities in promise of happiness through the satisfaction of the desires, being these last ones suggest to the citizens for the media. One perceives that youth is crossed by the capitalist system and suffers great pressures to combine itself in a consumption society. As consequences of this attempt of integration, many times the young is taken to the trespass of the law, having created alternative forms of access to these desired goods that take it, and its families, to the guardianship of the State, that perceives the phenomenon of isolated form and individualized, having difficulties to consider exits that in fact face the values and the perversions of the system.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-07-31T17:56:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Livia Nunes Borges Rodrigues - 2015.pdf: 3790463 bytes, checksum: d6538b93815836cae01fa2b502daa86e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-08-01T10:35:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Livia Nunes Borges Rodrigues - 2015.pdf: 3790463 bytes, checksum: d6538b93815836cae01fa2b502daa86e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-01T10:35:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Livia Nunes Borges Rodrigues - 2015.pdf: 3790463 bytes, checksum: d6538b93815836cae01fa2b502daa86e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-09 / This research does a general approach about the urban interventions, giving priority to the actions ephemeral (graffiti and pichação), how arise each of these practices, their disparities in Brazil, and the actions taken by the Government for combat them, with enphasis in pichação. The pichação is a practice of marginal and oppositional character that has become an integral part of complex societies. For the government, as well as for a large portion of Brazilian society that action is taken as a crime, but for those who are included in this marginal culture, the act of tagging can be interpreted as a socialization tool communication, leisure, art, call to memory etc. Among the various perspectives of analysis contained in pichação, this work sought to explore how this urban offensive action can be interpreted under the bias of performative act. In addition, it sought to understand how graffiti artists and other residents of Goiânia/GO, deal with the elements arranged in the urban space, emphasizing the architectural constructions of social value. / Esta pesquisa faz uma abordagem geral a respeito das intervenções urbanas, dando prioridade às ações de caráter efêmero (grafite e pichação), como surge cada uma destas práticas, suas disparidades no Brasil, e as medidas tomadas pelo poder público para combatê-las com ênfase na pichação. A pichação é uma prática de caráter marginal e transgressor que se tornou parte integrante das sociedades complexas. Para o poder público, bem como para grande parcela da sociedade brasileira esta ação é tida como crime, mas para aqueles que estão inseridos nesta cultura marginal, o ato de pichar pode ser interpretado como instrumento de socialização, comunicação, lazer, arte, apelo à memória etc. Dentre as várias perspectivas de análise contidas na pichação, esta dissertação buscou explorar como esta ação urbana ofensiva pode ser interpretada sob o viés de ato performativo. Além disso, procurou-se compreender como os pichadores e outros habitantes de Goiânia/GO, lidam com os elementos dispostos no espaço urbano, dando ênfase às construções arquitetônicas de valor social.

At present, light pollution is one of the fastest growing types of environmental pollution, mainly due to increased use of artificial light during the dark hours of the day. There are especially four factors that contribute to light pollution; glare,skyglow, light trespass and clutter. Digital billboards are becoming more common in urban environments and cause all these types of light pollution. The newest type of digital billboard shows a series of very bright images that change every few seconds. Although digital billboards become more common in the urban environment, there is very little research on how it affects people living adjacent to digital billboards. The majority of the research available is about how traffic safety is affected. It is important to study how traffic safety is affected, but it is an environment where people stay for shorter periods of time. Light, and light pollution, can affect people both physically and mentally, and therefore the lack of research on how the housing environment is affected must be addressed. The purpose of the study is to investigate how the living environment is affected by a digital sign, and if it is affected, how do residents relate to it? The results from the study can be used to discuss guidelines for how digital signs should be planned for urban environments to minimize discomfort. Prevention is important in order to avoid a negative impact on human health. To investigate whether light from digital billboard affects people's living environment, a case study with a quantitative approach was performed. The study was conducted in a residential area adjacent to a digital sign. The residents were contacted and asked to fill in a questionnaire with questions about their living environment and their attitude towards the digital sign. The results show that the resident living closest to the digital sign is affected the most. How the living environment is affected depends to a large extent on the placement of the sign in relation to the residence. Conclusions that can be drawn based on the results are that the respondents most affected live within a 30-degree angle seen from the sign. Many of the problems that arise due to digital billboards are due to lack of knowledge and shortcomings in planning. Lack of research and deficiencies in the signage programs make it difficult to plan suitable installations. To cause minimal discomfort, no digital signs should be placed directly in front of a residential building. / I dagsläget är ljusföroreningar en av de snabbast växande typerna av miljöföroreningar främst på grund av ökad användning av artificiellt ljus under dygnets mörka timmar. Det är framförallt fyra faktorer som bidrar till ljusföroreningar; bländning, himmelssken, ljusintrång och ljusansamlingar. Digitala skyltar blir allt vanligare i urbana miljöer och orsakar alla dessa typer av ljusföroreningar. Den nyaste typen av digitala skyltar visar en serie av väldigt ljusa bilder som byts med några sekunders mellanrum. Trots att digitala skyltar blir ett vanligare inslag i stadsmiljön finns det väldigt lite forskning om hur det påverkar människor som bor i anslutning till digitala skyltar. Majoriteten av forskningen som finns handlar om hur trafiksäkerheten påverkas. Det är viktigt att studera hur trafiksäkerheten påverkas men det är en miljö där människor vistas under kortare perioder. Ljus, och ljusföroreningar, kan påverka människor både fysiskt och psykiskt och därför måste bristen på forskning om hur boendemiljön påverkas åtgärdas. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur boendemiljön påverkas av en digital skylt, och om den påverkas, hur förhåller de boende sig till det. Resultaten från studien kan användas för att diskutera riktlinjer för hur digitala skyltar ska planeras in i stadsmiljön för att minimera obehag. Att arbeta förebyggande är viktigt för att undvika en negativ påverkan på människors hälsa. För att undersöka om ljus från digitala skyltar påverkar människors boendemiljö utfördes en fallstudie med kvantitativ ansats. Studien utfördes i ett bostadsområde som låg i anslutning till en digital skylt. De boende kontaktades och ombads fylla i ett enkätformulär med frågor om sin boendemiljö samt attityd till den digitala skylten. Resultatet visar att de som bor närmast den digitala skylten påverkas mest. Hur boendemiljön påverkas beror till väldigt stor del på skyltens placering i förhållande till bostaden. Slutsatser som kan dras baserat på resultatet är att de respondenter som påverkas mest bor inom en 30-gradig vinkel sett från skylten. Många av de problem som uppstår på grund av digitala skyltar beror på okunskap och brister vid planeringen. Avsaknad av forskning och brister i de skyltprogram som finns gör det svårt att planera lämpliga installationer. För att orsaka minimalt obehag bör inga digitala skyltar placeras direkt framför ett bostadshus.

Text in Afrikaans / Die private persoon het sekere bevoegdhede betreffende die arrestasie en die gebruik van geweld tydens arrestasie van lede van die publiek wat misdade pleeg/gepleeg het. Hierdie bevoegdheid spruit uit sowel die gemenereg as die wettereg. Kragtens die Suid-Afrikaanse Strafproseswet word hierdie bevoegdhede gereel deur aa 42 en 49. Oewerbewoners as eienaars van grand is geregtig op die onverstoorde gebruik en genot van hulle eiendom. Daarteenoor is kanovaarders ook daarop geregtig om op openbare ri vi ere vir wedvaarte te oefen. Di t is egter belangrik om vas te stel of die portage van kano's op die oewer insidenteel is tot die reg om op die rivier te vaar. Ewewig moet bewerkstellig word tussen die botsende belange. Die Waterwet 54 van 1956 behoort gewysig en vereenvoudig te word, aangesien Suid-Afrika nie slegs op die RomeinsHollandse reg kan staatmaak nie - ons waterprobleme staan direk teenoor die van die Nederlande. / The private person has certain powers regarding the arrest and the use of force to effect the arrest of members of the public who have committed/are committing offences. These powers are derived from either common law or statutory law. In terms of the South African Criminal Procedure Act these powers are regulated by ss 42 and 49. Riparian owners are entitled to the undisturbed use and enjoyment of their property. On the other hand, canoeists are also entitled to practise on public rivers. It is important, however, to ascertain whether portage of canoes on the river bank is incidental to the right of canoeing on the river. A balance should be struck between these conflicting interests. The Water Act 54 of 1956 should be amended and simplified, since South Africa cannot rely on Roman Dutch law alone - our water problems are the complete opposite of those in the Netherlands. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.M. (Straf- en Strafprosesreg)

Text in Afrikaans / Die private persoon het sekere bevoegdhede betreffende die arrestasie en die gebruik van geweld tydens arrestasie van lede van die publiek wat misdade pleeg/gepleeg het. Hierdie bevoegdheid spruit uit sowel die gemenereg as die wettereg. Kragtens die Suid-Afrikaanse Strafproseswet word hierdie bevoegdhede gereel deur aa 42 en 49. Oewerbewoners as eienaars van grand is geregtig op die onverstoorde gebruik en genot van hulle eiendom. Daarteenoor is kanovaarders ook daarop geregtig om op openbare ri vi ere vir wedvaarte te oefen. Di t is egter belangrik om vas te stel of die portage van kano's op die oewer insidenteel is tot die reg om op die rivier te vaar. Ewewig moet bewerkstellig word tussen die botsende belange. Die Waterwet 54 van 1956 behoort gewysig en vereenvoudig te word, aangesien Suid-Afrika nie slegs op die RomeinsHollandse reg kan staatmaak nie - ons waterprobleme staan direk teenoor die van die Nederlande. / The private person has certain powers regarding the arrest and the use of force to effect the arrest of members of the public who have committed/are committing offences. These powers are derived from either common law or statutory law. In terms of the South African Criminal Procedure Act these powers are regulated by ss 42 and 49. Riparian owners are entitled to the undisturbed use and enjoyment of their property. On the other hand, canoeists are also entitled to practise on public rivers. It is important, however, to ascertain whether portage of canoes on the river bank is incidental to the right of canoeing on the river. A balance should be struck between these conflicting interests. The Water Act 54 of 1956 should be amended and simplified, since South Africa cannot rely on Roman Dutch law alone - our water problems are the complete opposite of those in the Netherlands. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M. (Straf- en Strafprosesreg)