Thesis (Ph. D.)--Friedrichs-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 1883. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis--Zürich. / Cover title. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. [vii]-ix) and index.

This thesis is based on an ethnographic study of entrepreneurs of the construction business in Lombardy, Northern Italy. The aim is to gain some understanding of this business, of entrepreneurialism, and of individuals in a non-stereotypical light through a full and complex account of their daily lives. The aim is to reveal the thoughts, actions and strategies of particular local actors in their everyday contingency and contradictoriness. No attempt is made to simplify the complexity of their understandings and practices for the sake of producing a single encompassing and consistent image. Many similarities were found between the practices of entrepreneurialism and those of the discipline of anthropology. Knowledge and information are constantly sought after but are recognised as emerging in unexpected places and times and as being socially negotiated. Apprenticeship is often used as a methodology, and learning often happens through experience. Contextual application of knowledge is seen as essential. In order to exchange information and knowledge, to collaborate with other businessmen or to simply get a job, trust is fundamental and constantly negotiated. Personal relationships and trust become particularly important in an uncertain market situation, as ways to face risk. Trust is acquired slowly and accorded contextually, through face-to-face interaction and cultivated relationships, but also through positive recommendations or simply a feeling of sympathy. Knowledge, apprenticeship, trust and risk are key themes of the thesis. The blurred borders between the distinct individual personalities of my informants and their collective identities and commonalities are also discussed. The personality of an entrepreneur is seen as ideally complex, in which many (possibly contradictory) characteristics can be expected to be present, but also ideally balanced, each manifesting itself in specific situations. The ethnography also explores the fragility of the entrepreneur, in apparent contradiction to their strong and charismatic personalities. It is seen to be despite and because of their positions of power that they also feel vulnerable: their discourse is imbued with their fears for their businesses in a difficult period of economic crisis. Finally, through a ubiquitous desire to control markets and the future, we also encounter forms of corruption; corruption that is often condemned verbally but nevertheless is present in the business world and amplified by public and media discourses. The mechanisms by which work that is put out to tender is subject to possible manipulation are examined, and the ideas of the entrepreneurs about these practices are described—again demonstrating how thoughts and practices are often self-contradictory in their contextual relevance and application.

No description available.

No description available.

In the context of a changing political landscape, where shifts in state boundaries and socio-economic structures deeply affected the Italian peninsula and its people, this thesis analyses women and the law in action in the years from the Restoration up to the enactment of the Pisanelli code (1815-1865). It does so with particular reference to the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. These years also saw a number of changes in the legal system with various new laws instituted. The quick succession of these legal acts testified to the new ideas, behaviours and perceptions that began to take form in the period in question, but which the patriarchal and hierarchical nineteenth century society - so reliant on strict class stratification to perpetuate its status quo - resisted fully accepting. Within this context, women began to redefine their sense of self and to think of themselves as having an identity which went beyond their traditional domestic roles of mother, wife or daughter. This work aims to describe this process by focusing on women's attitudes towards the law and their interactions with the legal system. The thesis is structured in the following way: the first part focuses on the Ottocento context, the ideals promulgated about women in public discourse and the legal framework of the Italian peninsula. In the second part attention turns to relevant case studies from the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, brought to light by first-hand examination of archival documents and court proceedings preserved in legal journals of the time. Each part is subdivided into three chapters. After an examination of the social, political and economic context of the nineteenth-century Italian peninsula (Chapter one), the discussion presents a picture of contemporary views about women according to scientists, theorists, moralists and jurists (Chapter two). Chapter three is devoted to the law in force in the pre-unification states with regard to women, paying close attention to the institution of dowry. Chapter four deals with a selection of case studies concerning marriage promises, seduction, and extramarital relations. What emerges from the investigation is the intrusiveness of authorities and the reach they extended into people's private lives in an effort to maintain social order and exercise power within a society founded on hierarchy, immobility, and obedience. Chapter five examines lawsuits questioning dowries and wills. These acts show the families' choices to preserve their wealth, often inevitably paving the way to future discord, with women initiating lawsuits to obtain more money from their relatives. Finally, Chapter six analyses widowhood and separation, two possible moments in a woman's existence that had important implications in terms of both their intimate sphere and the devolution of wealth. In particular, the chapter traces widows' actual access to inheritance, and women's requests for separation, focusing on the reasons that drove them before a court to relate issues pertaining to their very intimate lives, such as contracting diseases. Through the analysis of the law in action and women's use of the law itself, this thesis will recover the forgotten voices and lives of those ordinary women, who, in their everyday life, reacted against the limitations and constraints imposed upon them by society and decided not to passively accept their status.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze the development of key economic indicators and indicators of tourism and determination of trends of Italian economy and tourism in the last years. The first chapter is about the influence of the global financial crisis on the development of Italian economy and the economic competitiveness. This chapter also analyzes the measures which were approved by Italian government in effort to improve the state of the economy after the crisis. The second chapter defines the tourism in Italy and describes the development of inbound, outbound and domestic tourism, Italian tourism trends and the tourism competitiveness of Italy. The third chapter compares Italy, Portugal, Greece and Spain in terms of economic level and position of these countries in the international tourism market. The last part of this thesis is devoted to the comparison of Italian regions Lombardy and Calabria which are analyzed by chosen indicators for purpose of showing regional differences between both regions.

Il presente percorso di ricerca si è posto l’obiettivo di contribuire al consolidamento metodologico di una pianificazione strategica e di una programmazione operativa funzionali all’attività della pubblica amministrazione regionale. Si è analizzata l’esperienza di Regione Lombardia all’inizio della IX legislatura attraverso una impostazione metodologica basata su un longitudinal case study, allo scopo di individuare delle regolarità che potessero condurre verso una analitical generalization secondo un’ottica di policy research a garanzia della trasferibilità e della utilizzabilità delle regolarità tracciate. L’approccio sostanziale volto a fare emergere gli elementi, le tecniche, le metodologie e gli strumenti sviluppati ha permesso di riscontrare delle regolarità che sono indipendenti dal contesto particolare. Tra gli altri si citano l’importanza della continuità, l’integrazione e la trasversalità del processo, e la funzione fondamentale di una struttura organizzativa dedicata al processo strategico e di un sistema informativo a supporto. Si auspica che le considerazioni metodologiche di sintesi pongano le basi, in alcune amministrazioni regionali, per un ripensamento dei propri modelli e sistemi di pianificazione strategica e programmazione operativa. / The aim of this research is to contribute to the methodologic improvement of strategic and operation integrated planning in public administration system. Through a methodological approach based on a longitudinal case study, this work analyzes the experience of Lombardy Region at the begining of ninth legislature in order to identify regularities that could lead to a analitical generalization. A policy research approach has been usefull in order to guarantee susteinable future application in different regional contexts. The substantive approach has the aim to bring out the elements, techniques, methodologies and tools that have been developed in Lombardy experience. This allowes us to detect regularities that are independent of the particular context. Among others, for example, the importance of continuity, integration and versatility of the process, and the presence of a department dedicated and a supporting information system that support and implement strategic process. The hope is that the final methodological considerations will be usefull to some regional governments to re-model their strategic and operational processes and systems.

La presente tesi descrive i risultati del programma di controllo dei pesticidi in regione Lombardia da 1996 a 2008 ed analizza i dati per calcolarne, con metodi diversi, la valutazione dell’esposizione del consumatore. 9387 campioni sono stati analizzati con un numero di campioni irregolari pari all’1%. Il numero di campioni senza residuo era pari al 69% ed il numero di campioni con i residui al di sotto del valore limite stabilito per legge era del 30%. Successivamente per capire l'esposizione dei consumatori a residui di antiparassitari si è utilizzato un metodo deterministico sviluppato da EFSA (PRIMo). È stato trovato che fra i campioni irregolari analizzati, solo 31 potrebbero causare il danno alla salute del consumatore. Un’ ulteriore analisi è stata quella di effettuare una valutazione con metodo probabilistico (Creme) calcolando l'esposizione cumulativa di antiparassitari sulla salute dei consumatori. Coem primo passo, residui di uno stesso pesticida trovato su campioni di patate sono stati inseriti nel software. Inoltre, campioni contenenti residui di pesticidi organofosfati sono stati inseriti nel software accoppiati con i dati italiani di consumo. In entrambi i casi, la valutazione cumulativa probabilistica dimostrava un adeguato livello di sicurezza per adulti e bambini. / The presented thesis describes the results of the pesticide monitoring programme in Lombardy Region from 1996 to 2008 and analyses the data gathered to calculate consumer exposure assessment with different approaches. A total of 9387 samples were analysed and the number of irregular samples was equal to 1%. The number of samples without residues was 69% and the number of samples with residues within the MRL was 30%. A further step to understand the exposure of consumers to residue of pesticides was obtained with the use of a deterministic approach developed by EFSA (PRIMo Model). It was found that among the detected irregular samples, only 31 might cause harm to the health of the consumer. An additional step was constituted by the use of one probabilistic method (Creme Software) to calculate the cumulative exposure of pesticides for the consumers. As a first step, residues of Chlorprofam were plotted in the software on samples of potato. In addition, samples containing residues of Organophosphates were also plotted along with the Italian consumption data. In both the case studies, the probabilistic acute cumulative assessment indicated that the intake, for adults and toddlers was below the set toxicological endpoint.

The life and fate of Maximilian I, the last emperor of Mexico, has attracted a substantial amount of research since his death in 1867. However, these works either only deal with the last few years of Maximilian’s life, from his candidature for the Mexican throne to his death at the hands of the Mexican liberals, or with other aspects of his life such as his time as governor of Lombardy-Venetia. Thus the main aim of this thesis is to offer a biography of Maximilian, which will not only look at Maximilian’s reign as emperor of Mexico but will also examine the Habsburg aspect of the story. It is thus necessary to look at the extent to which his Habsburg upbringing, his education and his experiences as governor of Lombardy-Venetia shaped his idea of kingship; how his travels and his time in Italy conditioned him to regard the “other” in a certain imperial way; and how all these essentially Habsburg experiences and ideas played a part in his failure and demise in Mexico. This thesis will thus aim to give a rounded picture the life and death of Maximilian I by examining his upbringing, his education, and his experiences in the navy and in Lombardy-Venetia. For without an understanding of these it is impossible to fully comprehend Maximilian’s actions in Mexico.