White muscle samples of bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus, collected in the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean were analyzed for total (THg) and organic mercury (OHg) concentrations. A total of 231 white muscle samples showed that THg and OHg concentrations ranged from 0.217 to 0.386 (0.786 ¡Ó 0.386) and 0.143 to 2.222 (0.595 ¡Ó 0.238) mg/kg wet weight, which did not differ with other previous studies. THg and OHg were linearly correlated with fork length (cm) and body weight (kg). The THg and OHg concentrations of 121 bigeye tuna samples collected in the Atlantic Ocean were linearly correlated with fork length, body weight and age. The OHg of 110 bigeye tuna in the Indian Ocean were linearly correlated with fork length, body weight and age, but only the the THg concentrations were linearly correlated with fork length. The average THg and OHg concentrations of bigeye tuna from the Atlantic Ocean showed significantly higher value than those from the Indian Ocean (p< 0.05). Furthermore, the slope of the regression lines between mercury concentrations (THg and OHg) and fork length in the bigeye tuna from the Atlantic Ocean was significantly higher than those from the Indian Ocean (p< 0.05). It¡¦s suggested that different Hg accumulation patterns exist in the two oceans. In the Atlantic and Indian Ocean, 1.7% and 0% of the bigeye tuna, respectively, had OHg concentrations of the muscles above the authorized limit (< 2 mg/kg wet weight) set by the Department of Health, Taiwan, and 13% and 2.7%, respectively, of the levels exceeded the safety food standard (< 1 mg/kg wet weight) set by WHO and FDA. Accordingly, for adult men and women with 65 kg and 55 kg of body weight, the maximum allowable weekly intake of bigeye tuna are suggested to be 170 and 145 g, respectively.

Abstract In Taiwan, long-line fishing has been the major technique in fishery. With the enhancement of fishing techniques, the fishing zone of Taiwan has spread all over three of World Oceans, and Taiwan has been regarded as one of five largest pelagic fishing countries. Pelagic long-line fishery plays a crucial role in economic development in Taiwan. In recent years, the fishery environments, whether in domestic or foreign fishing zone, have been dramatically changing. Since the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea has been resulted, all of coastal nations have subsequently set up the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) or marine economic development zone, which is stretched out 200 nautical miles from a nation¡¦s coast. However, the establishment of marine economic development zone also brings about the high seas¡¦ largely shrinking. Since the past, the increasing extinction of fish species is mainly resulted from illegal fishing techniques, fishing in the fishing-prohibited zone or during the prohibited period, catching fingerlings and using illegitimate fishing gear. Under such a decreasing fishing circumstance, those Taiwanese long-line fishing vessels under 100 tonnes, mostly fishing in the South Pacific Ocean, are struggling with many changes, such as international fishing limitation, the fishing vessels decreasing policy, the diminishing amount of fish caused by climate changes, the raising oil price and cost. Respecting the situation that most of long-line fishing vessels are managed by ship owners instead of fishery companies, and the fishing-related records are too scarce to provide for reference, this research will explore how the 100-tonne-under long-line fishing vessels owners can manage their business in South Pacific Ocean. All information in this study is acquired from Fisheries Agency in Taiwan and interviews with long-line fishing vessels owners. The questions asked in those interviews mainly target fishing benefit, cost, method of supplies, and the policy on captain and crew management. Based on the analysis of those cases mentioned above, we can figure out the practical operation and management of the 100-tonne-under long-line fishing vessels owners in Taiwan. Furthermore, this study also points out current difficulties in fishery management, providing for those vessels owners as the crucial reference of increasing competitive advantages. Keywords: Long-Line Fishing, South Pacific Ocean, Business Management, Yellowfin Tuna, Cost-Benefit Analysis

Traditionally, it is commonly believe that the marine fish stock is renewable and inexhaustible. However, following a dramatic progress of fishing technology, it is proved that the unregulated fishing activity would cause the resource stock deteriorated. It is a necessary evil to design a management procedure, which implements an annual fishing quota system in order to maintain the sustainability of the fish resource. In the most recent years, sudden implementation quota restrictions in many international commissions for management and conservation of marine mammal and fish had posted a challenge to the fishing company of the Far Sea Fishery in Taiwan, which was not used to the quota regulation before. In the short run, the fishing company would react to get more quotas in any necessary ways to ensure their profitability, even though the quota is not obtained in a regular way. Five conservation commissions in the three oceans for the conservation of Tuna and Tuna-like Species have been established. International Commission for the Conversation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) is the organization of Atlantic. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission¡]WCPFC¡^and Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission¡]IATTC¡^is the organization of Pacific. The organization of Indian Ocean is Indian Ocean Tuna Commission¡]IOTC¡^which is a sub-organization of FAO(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna¡]CCSBT¡^is a organization covering three oceans. Three commissions have implemented annual quota among the five. In recent year, the quantity of our fishing vessels have overtaken Japan and become the top rank of the Deep Sea Longline Fishing country in the world. Though there are still 2 commissions do not implement quota restriction, it is believed to be implemented soon. When the quota restriction is implemented by all the commissions, the fishing company can not get additional quota any more, then it will be very difficult to operate by a normal way. In order to avoid the serious influence of insufficient quota, the operating strategy must be made as soon as possibly. First of all, the basic concept of the Ultra Low Temperature Longline Fishery is introduced. Then the background and quota condition of the five tuna fish conservation commissions will be mentioned, especially the Indian Ocean will be discussed with more details. The case of fishing company will be taken as an example for the research. Except the detailed analysis of the case, some related good management will be considered also. A suggestion how to adjust the operation to facing the insufficiency of quota will be proposed as a reference. Keyword¡GTuna, Tuna Conservation, Tuna Long Line Fishing, Tuna Quota, SWOT Analysis, Fishery Management Strategy

Universidade Federal do Cearà / A ostreicultura destaca-se como uma atividade de grande interesse socioeconÃmico para a subregiÃo Baixo Sul da Bahia por este apresentar relevantes condiÃÃes naturais e geogrÃficas para instalaÃÃo de empreendimentos dessa natureza. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar tÃcnico-financeiramente o cultivo da ostra Crassostrea brasiliana (Lamarck, 1818) na comunidade de Graciosa, TaperoÃ, Bahia e criar controles financeiros para gestÃo eficiente de arranjo produtivo familiar como esse. Justifica-se pelo fato de que sÃo incipientes e escassas as informaÃÃes econÃmico-financeiras que propiciem o correto desenvolvimento de atividades dessa natureza. A metodologia empregada neste estudo valeu-se de uma pesquisa exploratÃria descritiva, tendo uma anÃlise tÃcnica de abordagem quali-quantitativa baseadas em visitas tÃcnicas semanais in loco, e na aplicaÃÃo de um questionÃrio semiestruturado, realizado entre os meses de janeiro e dezembro de 2013, por meio de entrevistas com as lideranÃas do cultivo de ostras. O sistema de produÃÃo adotado à o flutuante, atravÃs do uso de espinhel e lanternas, com emprego de baixa tecnologia, sendo as sementes das ostras coletadas no prÃprio local do cultivo, com tamanho de 2  0,5 cm. O cultivo, nas condiÃÃes atuais estudadas, nÃo demonstra viabilidade econÃmica, devido aos insatisfatÃrios Ãndices financeiros calculados. Apresenta baixa lucratividade e rentabilidade, respectivamente de 6,93% e 3,17%, com o preÃo de venda das ostras por R$ 193,85/milheiro. O lucro sà acontece quando sÃo comprometidos 92,55% das ostras comercializadas. Os meses do ano de 2013 que apresentaram maiores faturamentos foram janeiro, novembro e dezembro, observando-se queda no comÃrcio de ostras nos meses de maiores precipitaÃÃes pluviomÃtricas na subregiÃo estudada. A viabilidade financeira poderà ocorrer quando o preÃo de venda praticado alcanÃar R$ 250,00/milheiro e o retorno do investimento total se der em 6,1 anos. / The oyster stands out as an aquatic resource of great economic and social interest for the Southern Bahia subregion because of its present relevant natural and geographical conditions for establishment of enterprises of this nature. This research work aims to analyze the technical and financial aspects of cultivating the mangrove oyster, Crassostrea brasiliana (Lamarck, 1818), in the community of Graciosa, TaperoÃ, Bahia State, and to create financial controls for fully efficient management of household productive enterprises. This is justified by the fact that they are incipient and scarce economic and financial information that provide the correct development of such activities. The methodology used in this study drew on a descriptive exploratory study with a technical analysis of qualitative and quantitative approach, based on weekly visits in situ techniques, application of a semi-structured questionnaires carried out from January to December, 2013, through interviews with leaders of the oyster farming system. The production system adopted is floating through the use of long-line and lanterns, employing low-tech and seed oysters are collected at the site of cultivation itself, with an average size of 2  0.5 cm. The cultivation under the current conditions shows no economic viability as highlighted by the poor estimated financial indices. It has low profitability and profitability, respectively 6.93% and 3.17 %, with the selling price of oysters at R$ 193.85 per thousand. The profit only happens when at least 92.55 % of oysters are marketed. The months of the year 2013 which had higher billings were January, November and December, with a fall in trade of oysters in the months of greater rainfall in the studied subregion being noticed. Financial viability will be seen when the selling price should reach R$ 250,00 per thousand and total investment return goes up on 6.1 years.

The design of a transmission project is as varied in the factors that affect it as the people to which the project supplies electricity. This thesis focuses on the theoretical considerations in the design process that affect the emergence of reactive power in a system and how reactive compensation is achieved. It examines the place of theoretical concepts in reality by expounding on a field study on the construction of a new transmission power system connecting the North Western Province (NWP) of Zambia to the national grid. The thesis provides colour to these grey theoretical concepts in the form of conductor specifications, geometrical transmission tower relationships, load characteristics, population traits, transformer interactions and recommendations for improvements to the constructed grids using the analytic tools provided by the theoretical background. There is also provided some theoretical description of three recommendations made by this thesis to improve the power quality and general efficiency of the NWP. Along the way the thesis confirms the analytic calculations with reference to field documentation and programming tools such as MATLAB and Power World. It is the uniqueness of the system in terms of load demand and geography that allows for an analysis and comparison of the reactive power in the transmission network. These challenges and the possible solutions to them form the focus of the thesis.

The manufacturing process ‘long line method’ has shown many advantages when producing prestressed concrete sleepers, such as rapid production and low cost. However, there have been certain difficulties when cutting the 100 m long concrete blocks into sleepers. The sleepers tend to crack when the diamond cutting blade cuts through the last strands. Moreover, the shape and size of the cracks varies from one sleeper to another. Although these cracks may not affect the load carrying capacity, they will not be aesthetically pleasing. No earlier studies within the area have been found, i.e. diamond cutting of prestressed concrete blocks. As a result, there have been certain difficulties when approaching the problem. Finite element analysis has been proven to be a useful tool when analyzing stress variation. Throughout this project, the cutting simulation has been analyzed using the finite element analysis software ABAQUS. To summarize, stress variation has been examined during different cutting depths. The results from the FE model shows that no critical values were reached in the areas expected to have cracks. The true cause of the problem could not be specified. Therefore, further studies are needed yet this thesis could be a good foundation.