By tracing the development of the epic, oral and written, as in Chapter III, the qualities that are characteristic of the epic and the devices associated with the epic through continued usage were found to be the constant factors upon which the definition of the epic is formulated. The application to Hiawatha of the epic definition in terms of form, theme, subject matter, characters, tone, the use of the supernatural, and the use of characteristic devices, strengthens the thesis that Longfellow has written an epic.

At the height of their popularity in the mid-nineteenth century, a vast transatlantic readership conferred on Longfellow and Tennyson the title "The People's Poet." This examination of Anglo-American Victorian poetry attempts to account for that phenomenon. A poetic work is first defined as an aesthetic experience that occurs within a triangular matrix of text, author, and reader. As reception theorist Hans Robert Jauss contends, both the creator's and the receptor's aesthetic experiences are filtered through a historically determined "horizon of expectations" that governs popular appeal. A historical account of the publication and promotion of Longfellow's and Tennyson's poetry provides empirical evidence for how and why their poetic texts appealed to a widespread readership. This account is followed by an analysis of the class and gender of Victorian readers of poetry that considers the role of "consumers" in the production of both poetry and poetic personae as commodities for public consumption. The development of each poet's voice is then examined in a context of a gendered "separate-sphere" ideology to explain how both Longfellow's and Tennyson's adoption of "feminine" cadences in their respective voices influenced the nineteenth-century reception of their work. The final two chapters analyze select texts—lyric and narrative—to determine reasons for their popular appeal in relation to the level of active reader engagement in the poetic experience. Through affective lyricism, as in Longfellow's "Psalm of Life" and Tennyson's "Break, break, break," these poets demanded that their readers listen; through sentiment transformed into domestic allegory, as in Miles Standish and Enoch Arden, these poets demanded further that they feel. While both Victorian poets were later decanonized by their modern successors, contemporary critics, mainly academic, have restored Tennyson to the literary canon while relegating Longfellow to a second-rate schoolroom status. The conclusion speculates on the possible reasons underlying the disparate reputations assigned to the two poets, both of whom, during their lifetimes, shared equally the fame and fortune that attended their role as "The People's Voice." / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

This thesis presents a brief biography of the American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, then follows with a discussion of the influence of the Bible in Longfellow's poetry.

The background for "The Song of Hiawatha" is explicitly American, for Longfellow has preserved many legends, traditions, and customs of the aborigines with fidelity. As a whole, "The Song of Hiawatha" is a successful delineation of the aborigines of North America. Longfellow preserved the most interesting legends and supplemented them with accounts of Indian life.

In this thesis I endeavor to discover and show the Unitarian and Patristic theological influences on Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's long narrative poem Evangeline, with special focus on the poem's theological teachings concerning deification and descriptions of the spiritual experience of shining with divine light. In chapter one, I explore the theological climate of early nineteenth-century New England, focusing on the Unitarian and Transcendental movements and Longfellow's familiarity with both. In chapter two, I present an overview of the critical literature concerning the religious elements of Evangeline, beginning with reviews by Longfellow's contemporaries and ending with recent scholarship that calls for a new investigation of Unitarian influences on Evangeline. In chapters three and four, I look back to those Church Fathers who articulated the doctrines of deification and divine light in the second through fourth centuries. Through looking at the presence of the Church Fathers in Longfellow's writings, especially in the unexplored “Christian Fathers” manuscript lectures from the early 1830s, I show how the Patristic writers proved interesting and inspiring to Longfellow in the years leading up to the publication of Evangeline. Finally, in chapters five and six, I investigate in depth the religious elements of Evangeline, giving special attention to the keynote passages of 2.1 and 2.5, which include, respectively, theological teaching concerning deification and a description of the spiritual experience of shining with divine light. I conclude that though in 2.1 Longfellow articulates theological teachings that possess strong affinities with Unitarian doctrine, in 2.5 Longfellow concludes the poem with a characteristically Patristic vision of the deified heroine shining with divine light.

viii, 233 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / This dissertation argues that certain iconic poems have shaped the canon of American poetry. Not merely "canonical" in the usual sense, iconic poems enjoy a special cultural sanction and influence; they have become discourses themselves, generating our notions about American poetry. By "iconic" I mean extraordinarily famous works like Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's "Paul Revere's Ride," Walt Whitman's "Song of Myself," and Claude McKay's "If We Must Die," that do not merely reside in the national memory but that have determined each poet's reception and thus have shaped the history of American poetry. Through case studies, I examine longstanding assumptions about these poets and the literary histories and myths surrounding their legendary texts. In carefully historicized readings of these and other iconic poems, I elucidate the pressure a single poem can exert on a poet's reputation and on American poetry broadly. I study the iconic poem in the context of the poet's corpus to demonstrate its role within the poet's oeuvre and the role assigned to it by canon makers. By tracing a poem's reception, I aim to identify the national, periodic, political, and formal boundaries these poems enforce and the distortions they create. Because iconic poems often direct and justify our inclusions and exclusions, they are of particular use in clarifying persistent obstacles to the canon reformation work of the last thirty years. While anthologies have become more inclusive in their selections and self-conscious about their ideological motives, many of the practices regarding individual poets and poems have remained unchanged over the last fifty years. Even as we include more poets in the canon, we often ironically do so by isolating a particular portion of the career, impulse in the work, or even a single poem, narrowing rather than expanding the horizon of our national literature. Through close readings situated in historical and cultural contexts, I illustrate the varying effects of iconic poems on the poet, other poems, and literary history. / Committee in charge: Dr. Karen J. Ford, Chair; Dr. John T. Gage, Member; Dr. Ernesto J. Martinez, Member; Dr. Leah W. Middlebrook, Outside Member

Cette thèse analyse le rapport dynamique entre un lieu historique et la construction identitaire d'un peuple. Pour ce faire, nous avons choisi une étude de cas, le Lieu historique national de Grand-Pré en Nouvelle-Ecosse. L'hypothèse de base de ce travail est qu'un lieu historique joue un rôle dans la construction identitaire d'un peuple, en servant notamment de référence dans la création, la présentation, l'affirmation et la validation d'un sentiment d'appartenance au groupe représenté. Un ou plusieurs groupes peuvent sélectionner et s'approprier, en même temps, des lieux historiques pour des raisons complètement différentes. Us les manipulent et les exploitent selon leurs besoins, les uns comme symbole ethnique, les autres comme lieu touristique. Ces lieux culturels peuvent aussi servir d'outil dans une appropriation du pouvoir, symbolique et réelle. Notre étude démontre que l'affirmation d'un peuple et son désir de participer aux prises de décision concernant sa représentation ethnique est un processus dynamique de négociation qui s'articule autour de trois pôles: l'identité, l'altérité, et la réciprocité. Nous mettons en évidence que ce site historique possède trois fonctions principales: lieu touristique, symbole ethnique et agent d'habilitation pour un peuple. Dès les années 1680 jusqu'à 1994, Grand-Pré a subi une série de mutations: d'un village réel, il est devenu un parc commémoratif, pour finalement se transformer en un lieu historique national. À travers ces changements, la question de la «voix» a été centrale. Si la Déportation de 1755 a étouffé les voix acadiennes, le poème de Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Evangeline : A Tale of Acadie, a précipité leur résurrection. L'apparition de l'héroïne fictive a servi de mythe identitaire en touchant les émotions de milliers de personnes et en donnant une justification sociale à l'existence de plusieurs membres de la collectivité acadienne. A la fin du dix-neuvième et au commencement du vingtième siècle, Évangéline et Grand-Pré ont servi de points de référence dans le cri de ralliement aux Acadiens et aux Acadiennes dispersés à travers les provinces maritimes et aux États-Unis. L'image romantique du «paradis terrestre» qu'Évangéline et sa terre représentent a été utilisée par des entrepreneurs, anglophones pour la plupart, à des fins commerciales dans le développement du tourisme en Nouvelle-Écosse. Le site continue à desservir les aspirations des deux groupes. / Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2013