Neste trabalho, estudamos as subvariedades das formas espaciais pseudo-Riemannianas M^n_v(c) com vetor curvatura média de tipo luz, chamadas marginalmente aprisionadas, explorando as relações desta condição (motivada pela Física) com várias outras hipóteses de caráter geométrico, como lambda-isotropia, presença de nulidade relativa e invariância por um certo grupo de transformações de Lorentz. Em particular, apresentamos vários resultados de classificação e rigidez de superfícies marginalmente aprisionadas nos espaços de Lorentz-Minkowski L^4, de Sitter S^4_1 e anti-de Sitter H^4_1 nestes contextos, adaptando e generalizando resultados de alguns artigos. / In this work, we study the submanifolds of pseudo-Riemannian space forms M^n_v(c) with lightlike mean curvature vector, called marginally trapped, exploring the relations of this condition (motivated by Physics) with several other assumptions of geometric character, such as \\lambda-isotropy, presence of relative nullity and invariance by a certain group of Lorentz transformations. In particular, we prove several ridigity and classification results for marginally trapped surfaces in Lorentz-Minkowski space L^4, de Sitter space S^4_1 and anti-de Sitter space H^4_1 in these settings, adapting and generalizing results from several papers.

Neste trabalho, estudamos as subvariedades das formas espaciais pseudo-Riemannianas M^n_v(c) com vetor curvatura média de tipo luz, chamadas marginalmente aprisionadas, explorando as relações desta condição (motivada pela Física) com várias outras hipóteses de caráter geométrico, como lambda-isotropia, presença de nulidade relativa e invariância por um certo grupo de transformações de Lorentz. Em particular, apresentamos vários resultados de classificação e rigidez de superfícies marginalmente aprisionadas nos espaços de Lorentz-Minkowski L^4, de Sitter S^4_1 e anti-de Sitter H^4_1 nestes contextos, adaptando e generalizando resultados de alguns artigos. / In this work, we study the submanifolds of pseudo-Riemannian space forms M^n_v(c) with lightlike mean curvature vector, called marginally trapped, exploring the relations of this condition (motivated by Physics) with several other assumptions of geometric character, such as \\lambda-isotropy, presence of relative nullity and invariance by a certain group of Lorentz transformations. In particular, we prove several ridigity and classification results for marginally trapped surfaces in Lorentz-Minkowski space L^4, de Sitter space S^4_1 and anti-de Sitter space H^4_1 in these settings, adapting and generalizing results from several papers.

The aim of this work is to derive mathematical descriptions of gravitation. Postulating gravitation as a force field, Newton's law of gravitation is heuristically derived by considering linear differential operators invariant under euclidean isometries and by finding the fundamental solution to Helmholtz equation in three dimensions. Thereafter, the theory of differential geometry is introduced, providing a framework for the subsequent review of gravitation as curvature. Lastly, in the light of Einstein's postulates and equivalence principle, Lovelock's proof of uniqueness of Einstein's field equations is presented.