The variational parameters, ro,P,Q, in the expansion k cotσ = -1/a + rok^2-Pr^3ok^4+Qr^5ok^6 link theory and experiment. Using "experimental" values of a and ro, P is calculated in both the 1s and 3s neutron-proton states, for the square, gaussian, exponential, and Yukawa wells with repulsive cores. Comparison of the theoretical values of f with values derived from experiment indicates that the potential shape is at least as singular as the Yukawa (1/r), and that if a core exists, it is small, of the order of .1 or .2x10-^13cm. Q is calculated in the 1s state for the square and Yukawa wells with repulsive cores, and found to be so small as to be undefined by the present experimental data. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Radioactive beams of 8Li and 6He were produced using the double superconducting solenoid system of RIBRAS (Radioactive Ion Beams in Brasil) with a primary beam of 7Li of Elab = 30 MeV, at the São Paulo Pelletron Accelerator. The production reactions were 9Be(7Li, 8Li)8Be and 9Be(7Li, 6He)10B. The angular distributions of the elastic scattering of the 8Li radioactive beam of 26.0 MeV and 6He radioactive beam of 23.0 MeV were measured on 51V target of 1.9 mg/cm2.The elastic scattering angular distributions were analyzed using Optical Model, where the real and imaginary parts are described through a Non-Local Interaction Model called São Paulo Potential . The results were compared with the data present in the literature. The largest cross section, particularly for the halo 6He, shows evidence of the importance of the break up for these medium mass systems. [1]R. Lichtenthaler et al, Eur. Phys. J. A 25,s01,733 (2005); [2]L.C. Chamon et al, Phys. Rev. C66 (2002) 014610. / Radioactive beams of 8Li and 6He were produced using the double superconducting solenoid system of RIBRAS (Radioactive Ion Beams in Brasil) with a primary beam of 7Li of Elab = 30 MeV, at the São Paulo Pelletron Accelerator. The production reactions were 9Be(7Li, 8Li)8Be and 9Be(7Li, 6He)10B. The angular distributions of the elastic scattering of the 8Li radioactive beam of 26.0 MeV and 6He radioactive beam of 23.0 MeV were measured on 51V target of 1.9 mg/cm2.The elastic scattering angular distributions were analyzed using Optical Model, where the real and imaginary parts are described through a Non-Local Interaction Model called São Paulo Potential . The results were compared with the data present in the literature. The largest cross section, particularly for the halo 6He, shows evidence of the importance of the break up for these medium mass systems. [1]R. Lichtenthaler et al, Eur. Phys. J. A 25,s01,733 (2005); [2]L.C. Chamon et al, Phys. Rev. C66 (2002) 014610.

Ce travail porte sur la précession du spin d’électrons chauds polarisés en spin. Celle-ci est induite par le champ d’échange d’une couche mince ferromagnétique dans une structure multicouche. La précession du spin électronique a déjà été mesurée dans des matériaux ferromagnétiques mais uniquement pour des électrons qui possèdent une énergie supérieure à 4eV au-dessus du niveau de Fermi. L’objectif premier de cette thèse est de mesurer la précession du spin de l’électron pour des faibles énergies, comprises entre 0.7eV et 2eV au-dessus du niveau de Fermi. Pour ce faire, un transistor tunnel magnétique comportant trois couches magnétiques avec les aimantations qui pointent dans les trois directions de l’espace doit être construit. Les électrons sont injectés à basse énergie grâce à une jonction tunnel. Une diode Schottky (interface entre du Cu et du Si) filtre en énergie les électrons incidents, permettant uniquement aux électrons balistiques de contribuer au courant mesuré dans le semi-conducteur. Le premier travail a consisté à obtenir une couche magnétique exhibant une anisotropie perpendiculaire. Ainsi, nous avons réussi à faire croître une multicouche de Co et Ni sur une diode Schottky qui possède une anisotropie perpendiculaire jusqu’à 5 répétitions. Le deuxième travail réalisé dans cette thèse était d’optimiser le magnéto-courant d’une la vanne de spin. En effet, le magnéto-courant détermine la sensibilité de notre transistor tunnel magnétique. Nous avons notamment démontré ici que le magnéto-courant augmente avec le nombre de répétitions de la multicouche [Co/Ni], pour atteindre quasiment le maximum de 100% théoriquement prédit dans une vanne de spin à aimantations croisées. Enfin, le troisième travail de cette thèse résidait dans l’étude de la précession du spin de l’électron dans différents matériaux ferromagnétiques. Cet effet a été mis en évidence ici pour des couches à aimantation planaire composée de Co, de CoFeB, ainsi que pour un alliage de CoAl et ceci en fonction de leur épaisseur / This work is about polarised hot electrons spin precession. This phenomenon is induced by the exchange field of a ferromagnetic thin film in a multilayer structure. The electronic spin precession has already been measured in ferromagnetic materials, but only for electrons whose energy is more than 4eV over the Fermi level. The initial aim of this PhD work is to measure the electron spin precession for weak energies, between 0.7 eV and 2eV over the Fermi level. In order to achieve that, a magnetic tunnel transistor composed of three magnetic layers with their magnetisations directions perpendicular to each other has to be elaborated. The electrons are injected at low energy by means of a tunnel junction. A Schottky diode (interface between Cu and Si) filters the incident electrons by their energies, which enables only ballistic electrons to contribute to the measured current in the semi-conductor. The first task consisted in obtaining a magnetic layer showing perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. We succeeded in growing cobalt nickel multilayers exhibiting a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy up to five repetitions. The second part of the job carried out during this PhD was to optimise the magneto-current of a spin valve. Indeed, it determines the magnetic tunnel transistor sensitivity. We have demonstrated that the magneto-current increases with the number of repetitions of the [Co/Ni] multilayer up to a maximum of nearly a hundred percent, which is the maximum theoretically predicted in a spin valve with crossed magnetisations. Eventually, the third task of this PhD was the study of the electron spin precession in various ferromagnetic materials. This effect has been evidenced here for thin layers with in-plane magnetisations composed of Co, CoFeB, and also for a CoAl alloy depending on the thickness of the layers

Radioactive beams of 8Li and 6He were produced using the double superconducting solenoid system of RIBRAS (Radioactive Ion Beams in Brasil) with a primary beam of 7Li of Elab = 30 MeV, at the São Paulo Pelletron Accelerator. The production reactions were 9Be(7Li, 8Li)8Be and 9Be(7Li, 6He)10B. The angular distributions of the elastic scattering of the 8Li radioactive beam of 26.0 MeV and 6He radioactive beam of 23.0 MeV were measured on 51V target of 1.9 mg/cm2.The elastic scattering angular distributions were analyzed using Optical Model, where the real and imaginary parts are described through a Non-Local Interaction Model called São Paulo Potential . The results were compared with the data present in the literature. The largest cross section, particularly for the halo 6He, shows evidence of the importance of the break up for these medium mass systems. [1]R. Lichtenthaler et al, Eur. Phys. J. A 25,s01,733 (2005); [2]L.C. Chamon et al, Phys. Rev. C66 (2002) 014610. / Radioactive beams of 8Li and 6He were produced using the double superconducting solenoid system of RIBRAS (Radioactive Ion Beams in Brasil) with a primary beam of 7Li of Elab = 30 MeV, at the São Paulo Pelletron Accelerator. The production reactions were 9Be(7Li, 8Li)8Be and 9Be(7Li, 6He)10B. The angular distributions of the elastic scattering of the 8Li radioactive beam of 26.0 MeV and 6He radioactive beam of 23.0 MeV were measured on 51V target of 1.9 mg/cm2.The elastic scattering angular distributions were analyzed using Optical Model, where the real and imaginary parts are described through a Non-Local Interaction Model called São Paulo Potential . The results were compared with the data present in the literature. The largest cross section, particularly for the halo 6He, shows evidence of the importance of the break up for these medium mass systems. [1]R. Lichtenthaler et al, Eur. Phys. J. A 25,s01,733 (2005); [2]L.C. Chamon et al, Phys. Rev. C66 (2002) 014610.

A perda de energia de íons na matéria é um tópico de grande interesse não apenas por suas aplicações diretas em técnicas de análises de materiais bem como nos estudos teóricos das interações íon-átomo. No entanto, o poder de freamento de sólidos para íons pesados é ainda pouco compreendido especialmente para baixas velocidades devido principalmente a complicada dependência nos números atômicos do meio freador e do íon incidente. Neste trabalho são apresentados os dados experimentais para o freamento de Cu em Au na região de velocidades de 2 - 4% da velocidade da luz. Os dados experimentais foram obtidos com uso da técnica de espalhamento elástico, onde um feixe primário de 16O e 28Si, com energias entre 35 - 52 MeV e 49 - 79 MeV respectivamente, foram tilizados para produzir íons de Cu em recuo a partir de um alvo fino ( 160 g/cm2). O feixe primário espalhado é detectado a 60o por um detector de Si, produzindo átomos de Cu do alvo recuando em um ângulo denido pela cinemática da colisão elástica. Os íons em recuo medidos em coincidência temporal com o feixe primário espalhado compõe o feixe secundário de interesse. A perda de energia, em uma folha de Au com espessura em torno de 530 g/cm2, foi obtida medindo-se a energia do feixe secundário com um detector de Si, com e sem a folha de Au interceptando os íons em recuo. Os dados experimentais foram comparados com teorias e modelos semi-empíricos aplicáveis a esse caso. Bom acordo entre a previsão da Aproximação de Convolução Unitária e nossos dados experimentais é observado. / The energy loss of ions in materials is an important issue not only because of its direct applications in analytic techniques of materials but also for studying the basics of ion-atom interactions. Nevertheless, the Stopping Power of heavy ions in solids is still poorly understood which is especially true at low velocities mainly due to the complicated dependence on the atomic numbers of the stopper medium and of the stopping ion. In this work we present new experimental data for Copper ions slowing down in Gold foil in the velocity range of 2 to 4% of the velocity of light. Experimental data were obtained using the elastic scattering technique, where primary beams of 16O and 28Si, with energies from 35 to 52 MeV and 49 to 79 MeV respectively, were used to scatter Cu íons from a thin target ( 160 g/cm2). The scattered primary beam is detected at 60 with a Si detector, producing recoiling atoms of the target in an angle given by the elastic scattering kinematics. The recoiling ions in temporal coincidence with the scattered primary beam will compose the secondary beam. The energy loss, in a gold foil with thickness about 530 g/cm2, was obtained by measuring the energy of the secondary beam with a Si detector, with and without the Au foil intercepting the recoiling ions. Experimental results were compared with theories and semi-empirical models applied to this case. Good agreement between Unitary Convolution Approximation (UCA) prediction and our data is observed.

A perda de energia de íons na matéria é um tópico de grande interesse não apenas por suas aplicações diretas em técnicas de análises de materiais bem como nos estudos teóricos das interações íon-átomo. No entanto, o poder de freamento de sólidos para íons pesados é ainda pouco compreendido especialmente para baixas velocidades devido principalmente a complicada dependência nos números atômicos do meio freador e do íon incidente. Neste trabalho são apresentados os dados experimentais para o freamento de Cu em Au na região de velocidades de 2 - 4% da velocidade da luz. Os dados experimentais foram obtidos com uso da técnica de espalhamento elástico, onde um feixe primário de 16O e 28Si, com energias entre 35 - 52 MeV e 49 - 79 MeV respectivamente, foram tilizados para produzir íons de Cu em recuo a partir de um alvo fino ( 160 g/cm2). O feixe primário espalhado é detectado a 60o por um detector de Si, produzindo átomos de Cu do alvo recuando em um ângulo denido pela cinemática da colisão elástica. Os íons em recuo medidos em coincidência temporal com o feixe primário espalhado compõe o feixe secundário de interesse. A perda de energia, em uma folha de Au com espessura em torno de 530 g/cm2, foi obtida medindo-se a energia do feixe secundário com um detector de Si, com e sem a folha de Au interceptando os íons em recuo. Os dados experimentais foram comparados com teorias e modelos semi-empíricos aplicáveis a esse caso. Bom acordo entre a previsão da Aproximação de Convolução Unitária e nossos dados experimentais é observado. / The energy loss of ions in materials is an important issue not only because of its direct applications in analytic techniques of materials but also for studying the basics of ion-atom interactions. Nevertheless, the Stopping Power of heavy ions in solids is still poorly understood which is especially true at low velocities mainly due to the complicated dependence on the atomic numbers of the stopper medium and of the stopping ion. In this work we present new experimental data for Copper ions slowing down in Gold foil in the velocity range of 2 to 4% of the velocity of light. Experimental data were obtained using the elastic scattering technique, where primary beams of 16O and 28Si, with energies from 35 to 52 MeV and 49 to 79 MeV respectively, were used to scatter Cu íons from a thin target ( 160 g/cm2). The scattered primary beam is detected at 60 with a Si detector, producing recoiling atoms of the target in an angle given by the elastic scattering kinematics. The recoiling ions in temporal coincidence with the scattered primary beam will compose the secondary beam. The energy loss, in a gold foil with thickness about 530 g/cm2, was obtained by measuring the energy of the secondary beam with a Si detector, with and without the Au foil intercepting the recoiling ions. Experimental results were compared with theories and semi-empirical models applied to this case. Good agreement between Unitary Convolution Approximation (UCA) prediction and our data is observed.

Dans cette thèse, on étudie le phénomène de localisation d'Anderson des opérateurs de Schrödinger à N particules qui englobe aussi bien la localisation exponentielle des fonctions propres que la localisation dynamique. Dans un premier temps, on considère le modèle d'Anderson discret multi- particulaire avec un potentiel aléatoire à valeurs indépendantes et identiquement distribuées i.i.d. dont la distribution commune est au moins log-Höldérienne et une interaction de courte portée. On établit pour ce modèle la localisation d'Anderson pour les énergies susamment proches du bas du spectre après avoir montré qu'il est non-aléatoire. D'autre part, on montre que la localisation complète des systèmes mono- particulaires s'étend aux systèmes multi-particulaires ayant une interaction globale susamment faible et pour un désordre arbitraire. Pour ce résultat, l'existence d'une densité bornée de la distribution commune des variables aléatoires i.i.d. est nécessaire et on le montre pour des interactions ayant une forme très générale mais bornées. Les résultats sont démontrés à l'aide de l'adaptation aux systèmes multi- particulaires de l'analyse multi-échelle à énergie variable qui permet de traiter des distributions singulières contrairement à la méthode des moments fractionnaires. Les estimées de Wegner intervenant notamment dans l'analyse multi-échelle sont établies pour des cubes vériant une propriété de séparabilité en utilisant le Lemme de Stollmann. On démontre également l'estimée de Combes-Thomas qui joue un rôle important dans l'analyse des énergies extrêmes. / In this thesis, we study for the N-particles Schrodinger operators the Anderson localization phenomenon which consists of both exponential localization of eigenfunctions and dynamical localization. We rst consider the discrete multi-particle Anderson model with a short range interaction and a random potential whose values are independent and identically distributed i.i.d. with a log-Hölder continuous common probability distribution function. For such model, we show that the bottom of its spectrum is non-random and prove the Anderson localization for energies suciently close to the spectral edge. On the other hand, we establish that the complete localization from singleparticle systems extends to multi-particle systems with suciently weak interaction at arbitrary disorder and for absolute continuous probability distribution function of the i.i.d random variables. The results are proved by an adaptation to multi-particle systems of the vari- able energy multi-scale analysis which allows singular distributions instead of the fractional moments method. Wegner bounds, useful for the multi-scale analysis are proved for separable cubes using the Stollmann's Lemma. We also prove the Combes-Thomas estimate which plays an important role in the analysis of extreme energies.