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The purpose of this study was to determine if the Atkins diet had an effect on resting metabolic rate. In addition, the study will further explore the effects of the Atkins diet on blood lipids (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides) and glucose as well as body composition. Eighteen healthy women (mean age 42.4 ± 7.4 yrs, mean BMI 33.7± 5.6 kg' m -2) participated in the 6-week diet intervention. Pre- testing and post-testing included collection of: fasting blood lipids, resting metabolic rate and body composition data measured by air displacement plethysmography. Statistical analysis used to compare baseline and post study data included dependant t-tests. A significant decrease from baseline was noted in resting metabolic rate (1518 to 1374 kcals' day -1). Decreases in body mass (91.0 ± 4.0 to 86.6 ± 3.9 kg), fat mass (42.3 ± 3.1 to 38.0 ± 3.1 kg, and BMI (33.7 ± 1.3 to 32.1 ±1.3 kg' m "2) were noted but there was no significant change in fat-free mass (48.6 ± 1.3 to 48.6 ±1.1 kg). The only significant finding from the blood lipid profile was a decrease in triglyceride levels (121 ± 17.9 to 98 ±12.7 mg ' dL-1). In conclusion, this study showed that adherence to the Atkins diet for six weeks did improve body composition; decrease triglycerides and decrease resting metabolic rate. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

Thesis (M.F.C.S.)--Bowling Green State University, 2005. / Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 68 p. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, March, 2006. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-75)

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An estimated 86 million Americans in the United States age 20 and older are classified as prediabetic. Prediabetes is defined as an individual having a higher blood sugar than normal increasing the risk for developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM). T2DM is among the top ten leading causes of death in the United States and costs an estimated 245 billion dollars annually. Interventions need to take place among patients with prediabetes in order to prevent the T2DM epidemic from compounding. This study examined the effects of a six-week low carbohydrate diet on A1C values, weight and BMI, and cardiovascular markers among patients with prediabetes. A retrospective chart review examined 1,169 patients with prediabetes that met inclusion criteria from July 2013 to April 2016. Patients had completed a six-week low carbohydrate diet program with weekly clinic visits with a nurse practitioner and followed the prescribed low carbohydrate diet. A significant difference in means was found when comparing pre A1C values (M= 5.93, SD= 0.20) and post A1C values (M= 5.57, SD= 0.25); (t (1142) = 49.3, p = 0.00), pre intervention weight (M= 227.0, SD= 52.0) and post intervention weight (M = 209.5, SD = 48.0); (t (1168) = 79.3, p = 0.00), and pre BMI (M = 36.8, SD = 7.0) and post BMI (M = 34.0, SD = 6.6); (t (1168) = 77.8, p = 0.00). Additionally, statistical significance was found for cardiovascular markers including systolic and diastolic blood pressures, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides. These findings suggest that a low carbohydrate diet is effective at improving metabolic risk factors for prediabetes and preventing the progression to T2DM. Low carbohydrate diets should be further examined for long term effectiveness and could be recommended to patients with prediabetes in order to reverse the epidemic of T2DM.

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att undersöka om det finns stöd i nuvarande forskning för att en fettrik kost är mer effektiv som nutritionsstrategi vid uthållighetsprestationer jämfört med en kolhydratrik kost. Studiens frågeställningar är: Förbättras uthållighetsprestationen av en fettrik kost jämfört med en kolhydratrik kost? Hur påverkas kolhydrat- och fettmetabolismen av en högfett- och lågkolhydratkost? Metod Litteratursökningen genomfördes i databaserna Ebsco, Pubmed och Cinahl. Totalt inkluderades 16 artiklar, 11 artiklar från litteratursökningen i databaserna och 5 artiklar från valda referenslistor. Studierna kvalitetsgranskades med hjälp av SBU:s granskningsmall för randomiserade kontrollerade studier. Resultat I 3 av 16 studier förbättrades uthållighetprestationen vid intag av högfett- och lågkolhydratkost, i 4 av 16 studier försämrades prestationen och i resterande 9 studier sågs ingen signifikant skillnad i prestationen mellan kostinterventionerna. Majoriteten av studierna fick en förhöjd fettoxidation som resultat av en högfett- och lågkolhydratkost men ingen signifikant skillnad gällande blodglukos-, blodinsulin- eller blodlaktatvärde mellan kostinterventionerna. Slutsats Trots en förhöjd fettoxidation och välfyllda glykogenlager finns inte tillräcklig evidens för att påvisa en generell prestationshöjning vid uthållighetsprestationer av en högfettkost jämfört med en högkolhydratkost. Detta troligtvis på grund av nedsatt förmåga hos musklerna att använda glykogen. Resultaten från de studier som ingick i denna systematiska litteraturstudie visar konsekvent en försämrad prestation efter intag av högfett- och lågkolhydratkost vid arbetsintensiteter över 80% av VO2max. Vid arbetsintensiteter omkring 60-70% av VO2max kan prestationen eventuellt förbättras efter intag av högfettkost bestående av 60-70% fett och mindre än 15% kolhydrater. / Aim The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there is scientific evidence that a high fat diet is more effective as a nutrition strategy for endurance performance than a high carbohydrate diet is. The objectives of the study are: Does endurance performance improve by a high fat diet compared by a high carbohydrate diet? How is the metabolism of fat and carbohydrate affected by a high fat and low carbohydrate diet? Method The literature search was conducted in the databases Ebsco, Pubmed and Cinahl. A total of 16 studies was included, 11 studies from the literature search and 5 studies from selected reference lists. The studies quality was audited by SBU: s questionnaire for randomized controlled studies. Results Endurance performance was enhanced after ingesting a high fat- and low carbohydrate diet in 3 of 16 studies and was decreased in 4 of 16 studies. In the remaining 9 studies there was no significant difference in performance between the two trials. A high fat- and low carbohydrate diet resulted in an increased fat oxidation in the majority of the studies but there was no significant difference in bloodglucose-, blodinsulin- or blodlactatelevels between the two trials. Conclusions Despite increased fat oxidation and well-filled glycogen levels there is not sufficient evidence to prove that endurance performance will be enhanced by a high fat diet compared to a high carbohydrate diet. This is probably because of a lower ability of the muscles to use glycogen. The results from this systematic review consequently shows a decreased performance after a high fat- and low carbohydrate diet at work intensities over 80% of VO2max. At intensities around 60-70% of VO2max, the performance can possibly be enhanced after a high fat diet consisting 60-70% of fat and 15% or lower of carbohydrate.

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this review was to describe the effects of low carbohydrate diets in people with diabetes type 2. Methods: Review. An article search was made in the databases PubMed and Medline. The search resulted in 17 studies. After review and analysis of the studies main results five categories were highlighted; bloodsugar levels, HbA1c, weight, lipid levels and antidiabetic medications. Results: The results revealed that diets low in carbohydrates may reduce blood sugar levels, fasting blood glucose and HbA1c-levels in people with type 2 diabetes. A low carbohydrate diet may reduce body weight for people with type 2 diabetes, this was shown in 12 of 17 studies. Total cholesterol was reduced in six of 17 studies. A reduction of triglycerides was found in eight of 17 studies. LDL-cholesterol was reduced in four of the studies. HDL- cholesterol was increased in eight of 17 studies. Conclusion: Some of the studies showed positive effects of a low carbohydrate diet for people with type 2 diabetes, for instance improvements in blood sugar levels, bodyweight, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. The study implies that a low carbohydrate diet may be an alternative for people with type 2 diabetes in short terms.Keywords: Diabetes type 2, diet, low-carbohydrate, ketogenic, HbA1c

The effects of maternal dietary glucose restriction on reproductive performance were investigated by feeding pregnant rats isocaloric diets containing graded levels of dietary glucose (0, 12, 24 and 60%) during pregnancy and during pregnancy and lactation, and by measuring the effects of glucose restriction on (1) maternal, fetal and neonatal metabolism, on (2) growth and composition of the mammary glands and placentas, and (3) on milk composition. Carbohydrate restriction induced maternal metabolic adaptations that were proportional to the severity of the glucose restriction. Placental growth and composition as well as mammary gland composition were not affected by dietary glucose restriction, whereas fetal growth and development and milk composition were significantly impaired when glucose was limited in the maternal diet. This suggests that the effects of dietary glucose on the fetus and on milk composition were not mediated by changes in placenta and mammary gland DNA, protein or glycogen concentrations. Complete dietary glucose restriction significantly depressed fetal liver, lung and heart glycogen concentrations; repletion of the maternal diets with 12 and 24% glucose restored cardiac glycogen to normal but not fetal lung glycogen and liver glycogen. Pups born to dams fed a glucose-free diet failed to survive longer than 24 h postpartum and that was associated with the low levels of tissue glycogen at birth in these pups. At birth, lung and liver glycogen concentration of pups of the 12 and 24% glucose diets was similar to pups of the control diet despite the fact that these reserves were depressed in utero; and these pups efficiently corrected the transient hypoglycemia observed following parturition. The effects of glucose restriction on fetal liver glycogen were not reflected by similar changes in fetal plasma insulin, glucagon and glucose levels or in glycogen synthase and phosphorylase activities. Maternal dietary glucose was an important determinant

Thirty-seven overweight/obese (BMI: 25-35 kg/m2), premenopausal women that were randomly assigned to either an ad libitum low-carbohydrate (LC) (20% CHO, 30-40% protein, 30-40% fat), or an ad libitum low-fat (LF) (55-60% CHO, 15-20% protein, 20-25% fat) diet.All subjects were given weekly menus matching their assigned macronutrient requirements to aid in meal planning and dietary compliance. Baseline and post-diet measures included height, weight, body composition (DXA), blood lipids [total cholesterol (TC), HDL, LDL, and triglycerides (TG)], and plasma insulin levels. There were no significant group differences in any of the above-listed variables prior to the study. Nineteen women completed the 6-wk study (LC=11, LF=8). Compliance to the diets was adequate as indicated by weekly 24-hr recalls and daily urinary ketone levels. Both groups lost a significant amount of weight and body flat, (P<0.05); and weight and body fat losses were not significantly different between the groups. All groups experienced similar decreases in TG, TC, LDL, HDL, and insulin levels. These results indicate a LC diet is no more effective than a LF diet in promoting favorable changes in body weight, body composition, blood lipids and insulin levels. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences