Diabetesmellitus typ 2 ökar kraftigt både i Sverige och i övriga världen. Detta kanrelateras till sämre matvanor och övervikt. Förvirringen kring vad människorska äta för att hålla sig friska och sunda har aldrig varit större. Det finnsskilda uppfattningar och media sänder olika budskap. Sjuksköterskan ska arbetaefter vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet, och ska därmed kunna ge rättinformation till patienter avseende kost. Syftet med litteraturstudien var attkartlägga effekterna av lågkolhydratkost till patienter med diabetes typ 2genom att sammanställa aktuell forskning. Resultatet visade bland annatbetydande viktreduktion samt minskning av HbA1c och antidiabetika.Inga negativa effekter på kardiovaskulära riskfaktorer sågs. Sjuksköterskan kandärför ge information om lågkolhydratkost och dess effekter för att underlättaför diabetes patienter att ta beslut i sin egenvård. Det ställer dock krav påuppföljning från sjukvården för att undvika hypoglykemi hos patienterna. Dåartikelsökningen endast genererade i kvantitativa studier behövs det iframtiden kvalitativa studier för att få fram effekterna av lågkolhydratkost påpatientens upplevelse av hälsa och livskvalitet. Det behövs ocksåuppföljningsstudier för att få fram långtidseffekterna av att ätalågkolhydratkost för diabetiker. / Diabetes mellitus type 2 is increasing rapidly in Sweden and all over the world. This can be related to bad eating habits and overweight. The confusion about what people should eat to stay healthy and slim has never been bigger. There are different ideas and media sends different messages. The nurse shall work for science and proven experience, and will therefore be able to provide the right information to patients regarding diet. The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of low carbohydrate diet in patients with type 2 diabetes by compiling the current research. The result showed among other things, significant weight reduction and decrease of HbA1c and antidiabetic medications. No negative effects were observed on the cardiovascular risk factors. The nurse can therefore provide information about low carbohydrate diet and its effects to make it easier for diabetics to make decisions in their self-care. It does however require follow-up from health care to avoid hypoglycaemia in patients. Since the article search only generated in quantitative studies, qualitative studies are needed in the future to obtain the long term effects of low carbohydrate diet in patients experience of health and quality of life. It also needs follow-up studies to obtain the long term effects of eating low carbohydrate diet for diabetics.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, August, 2009. / Release of full electronic text on OhioLINK has been delayed until September 1, 2012. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-195)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, August, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. Release of full electronic text on OhioLINK has been delayed until September 1, 2012. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-195)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-89). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-89). Also available on the Internet.

To test the hypothesis that maternal glucose restriction (GR) would compromise small intestine (SI) growth and development, we used a diet induced model of IUGR. Pregnant rats and offspring were fed isoenergetic diets {0% (deficient), 12, 24% (restricted), 60% (adequate) glucose) from gestation day (gd) 0 through adolescence. SI tissue was collected at gd20, birth, 12--24h, postnatal day (pd) 7, 15, 21, 28, 35, 49 and in controls. GR affected pup weight at early timepoints, resulting in IUGR; beyond effects due to differences in body wt, GR compromised SI length at 12--24h and promoted SI growth during peak lactation (pd15; total and distal wts). Dietary glucose regulated in utero (gd20) expression of sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter (SGLT1) protein. Diet-induced precocious maturation of lactase and sucrase was observed in glucose deficient animals. In summary, there were periodic but no permanent effects of dietary glucose intake on gut growth and development.

This study determined outcomes of a low-carbohydrate (CHO) and moderate-CHO diet on weight loss, ketone production, and urinary calcium excretion in a convenience sample of 14 (ages 18-26, m=2, f=12) overweight students at a midwestern college for one month in a two-week, cross over study design. Results showed significant weight loss in subjects over time (p< .01). However, no significant difference between diet groups over time for weight loss was shown. Outcome of urine ketone production remained unaffected over time and between groups over time. A significant difference was noted in urinary calcium excretion within subjects over time (p=.035), yet not between groups over time. These findings suggest that weight loss may be due to a decrease in water and lean body mass from glycogen mobilization. Ketone production was unaffected possibly due to non-compliance with diet recommendations and small sample size of the study. Urinary calcium excretion increases may be attributed to higher protein intakes in participants on the modified-CHO diets, possibly allowing for a negative calcium balance in the body leading to premature osteoporosis. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

To test the hypothesis that maternal dietary glucose restriction throughout pregnancy and lactation would perturb glucose transporter (GLUT) protein levels in offspring, isoenergetic diets containing graded levels of glucose (0, 12, 24 and 60%) were fed to pregnant rats and their offspring from gestation day (gd) 0 through postnatal day (pd) 49. Diets were defined as deficient (0%), restricted (12, 24%) or adequate (60%) in glucose. Plasma, small intestine, liver and kidney tissues were collected perinatally (gd20, birth, 12--24hrs postnatal), during lactation (pd7, 15, 21), post-weaning (pd28, 35, 49) and in adult controls. The proximal and distal regions of the small intestine responded differently to the dietary glucose restriction. Proximal small intestine GLUT2 protein levels did not change throughout postnatal development and remained unaltered with dietary glucose restriction, while distal small intestine GLUT2 protein expression changed throughout postnatal development and with dietary glucose restriction. These findings, together with information from the literature, indicate a dissociation between small intestine GLUT2 mRNA expression, GLUT2 protein levels and small intestine glycogen reserves.

The effect of maternal dietary glucose on perinatal phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene expression was investigated in this study. Pregnant rats were fed isoclaoric diets containing graded levels of glucose (0%, 12%, 24% and 60%) from gestation day 2 to lactation day 15. The developmental profiles of PEPCK gene expression in fetal and neonatal liver and kidney were analyzed by northern blot. In the liver, feeding glucose free and glucose restriction (12% and 24%) diets precociously induced PEPCK gene expression at day 21 of gestation. In the kidney, PEPCK mRNA (2.8 kb) was detected at birth in the glucose free group, 12-16 hours postnatally in control group; it was not visualized until day 3 in the 12% and 24% glucose restriction groups. In our study, two species of RNA (1.8 kb and 2.8 kb) were hybridized with PEPCK cDNA probes, and there was a relationship between maternal dietary glucose levels and the 1.8 kb RNA fragment in the kidney.

Bakgrund: Övervikt och fetma ökar både i Sverige och andra länder. Kost anses vara en viktigt komponent i behandlinngen. Det råder diskussion kring vilken kost som anses ge bästa resultat på vikt och hälsa. Lågkolhydratkost har lyfts fram som ett effektivt alternativ. Syfte: Att undersöka effekter av en lågkolhydratkost hos personer med övervikt eller fetma. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie som innehåller 15 kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Artiklarna söktes i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Resultat: Flera av de granskade studierna visar positiva effekter på viktminskning, blodtryck, blodsocer, HbA1c, insulinresistens och blodfetter. Kosten ansågs vara gynnsam för de som har metaboliskt syndrom och diabetes typ 2. I några av studierna förekom skilda resultat på totalkolesterol och LDL. För att undvika risker med lågkolhydratkost är det viktigt med hög kvalitet på de ingående makronutrienterna. Slutsats: Resultatet av studien visar att lågkolhydratkost kan vara en användbar metod för personer med övervikt eller fetma. Lågkolhydratkost passar dock inte alla och därför krävs noggrann övervakning och handledning från sjukvården. sjuksköterska har en viktigt roll för att förklara och delge patienten information. Det finns ett behov av fler långsiktiga studier, helst i Sverige för att säkerställa evidens att kosten passar en svensk befolkning.