The notion that low- to intermediate-mass young stellar objects (YSOs) gain mass at a constant rate during the early stages of their evolution appears to be challenged by observations of YSOs suffering sudden increases of the rate at which they gain mass from their circumstellar discs. Also, this idea that stars spend most of their lifetime with a low accretion rate and gain most of their final mass during short-lived episodes of high accretion bursts, helps to solve some long-standing problems in stellar evolution. The original classification of eruptive variables divides them in two separate subclasses known as FU Orionis stars (FUors) and EX Lupi stars (EXors). In this classical view FUors are at an early evolutionary stage and are still gaining mass from their parent envelopes, whilst EXors are thought to be older objects only surrounded by an accretion disc. The problem with this classical view is that it excludes younger protostars which have higher accretion rates but are too deeply embedded in circumstellar matter to be observed at optical wavelengths. Optically invisible protostars have been observed to display large variability in the near-infrared. These and some recent discoveries of new eruptive variables, show characteristics that can be attributed to both of the optically-defined subclasses of eruptive variables. The new objects have been proposed to be part of a new class of eruptive variables. However, a more accepted scenario is that in fact the original classes only represent two extremes of the same phenomena. In this sense eruptive variability could be explained as arising from one physical mechanism, i.e. unsteady accretion, where a variation in the parameters of such mechanism can cause the different characteristics observed in the members of this class. With the aim of studying the incidence of episodic accretion among young stellar objects, and to characterize the nature of these eruptive variables we searched for high amplitude variability in two multi-epoch infrared surveys: the UKIDSS Galactic Plane Survey (GPS) and the Vista Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV). In order to further investigate the nature of the selected variable stars, we use photometric information arising from public surveys at near- to farinfrared wavelengths. In addition we have performed spectroscopic and photometric follow-up for a large subset of the samples arising from GPS and VVV. We analyse the widely separated two-epoch K-band photometry in the 5th, 7th and 8th data releases of the UKIDSS Galactic Plane Survey. We find 71 stars with _K > 1 mag, including 2 previously known OH/IR stars and a Nova. Even though the mid-plane is mostly excluded from the dataset, we find the majority (66%) of our sample to be within known star forming regions (SFRs), with two large concentrations in the Serpens OB2 association (11 stars) and the Cygnus-X complex (27 stars). The analysis of the multi-epoch K-band photometry of 2010-2012 data from VVV covering the Galactic disc at |b| < 1◦ yields 816 high amplitude variables, which include known variables of different classes such as high mass X-ray binaries, Novae and eclipsing binaries among others. Remarkably, 65% of the sample are found concentrated towards areas of star formation, similar to the results from GPS. In both surveys, sources in SFRs show spectral energy distributions (SEDs) that support classification as YSOs. This indicates that YSOs dominate the Galactic population of high amplitude infrared variable stars at low luminosities and therefore likely dominate the total high amplitude population. Spectroscopic follow-up allows us to confirm the pre-main sequence nature of several GPS and VVV Objects. Most objects in both samples show spectroscopic signatures that can be attributed to YSOs undergoing high states of accretion, such as veiling of photospheric features and CO emission, or show FUor-like spectra. We also find a large fraction of objects with 2.12 μm H2 emission that can be explained as arising from shock-excited emission caused by molecular outflows. Whether these molecular outflows are related to outbursts events cannot be confirmed from our data. Adding the GPS and VVV spectroscopic results, we find that between 6 and 14 objects are new additions to the FUor class from their close resemblance to the near-infrared spectra of FUors, and at least 23 more objects are new additions to the eruptive variable class. For most of these we are unable to classify them into any of the original definitions for this variable class. In any case, we are adding up to 37 new stars to the eruptive variable class which would double the current number of known objects. We note that most objects are found to be deeply embedded optically invisible stars, thus increasing the number of objects belonging to this subclass by a much larger factor. In general, objects in our samples which are found to be likely eruptive variable stars show a mixture of characteristics that can be attributed to both of the optically-defined classes. This agrees well with the recent discoveries in the literature. Finally, we are able to derive a first rough estimate on the incidence of episodic accretion among class I YSOs in the star-forming complex G305. We find that _ 9% of such objects are in a state of high accretion. This number is in agreement with previous theoretical and observational estimates among class I YSOs.

Formées lors de l’effondrement gravitationnel d’un nuage de gaz moléculaire, les étoiles naissantes auront différentes masses variant entre 0.08 et environ 100M . La majorité de la population stellaire de la Galaxie est constituée d’étoiles dont la masse est inférieure à environ 0.6 M . Le dernier évènement de formation stellaire dans le voisinage solaire s’est produit dans la bulle locale il y a au plus 100 millions d’années, vraisemblablement provoqué par le passage d’une onde de choc dans le bras local de la Galaxie. C’est ainsi que se formèrent de jeunes associations d’étoiles dont les membres se caractérisent en particulier par une vitesse spatiale et une position commune dans la Galaxie. Les associations jeunes étant peu densément peuplées et relativement proches du Soleil, leurs membres se font plutôt rares et dispersés sur toute la voûte céleste. Jusqu’à présent, surtout les étoiles les plus massives (brillantes) ont été répertoriées. Les étoiles jeunes de faible masse, constituant la majorité de la population, restent pour la plupart à être identifiées. Les étoiles jeunes de faible masse représentent une population clef pour contraindre les modèles évolutifs des étoiles M et des naines brunes. Elles sont également d’excellentes candidates pour chercher des exoplanètes via les techniques d’imagerie directe. Ce mémoire présente une nouvelle méthode utilisant un modèle cinématique enrichi d’une analyse statistique Bayesienne pour identifier des étoiles jeunes de faible masse dans les associations beta Pictoris, Tucana-Horologium et AB Doradus. À partir d’un échantillon de 1080 étoiles K et M, toutes comportant des indicateurs de jeunesse tels l’émission Halpha et une forte luminosité dans les rayons X, leurs propriétés cinématiques (mouvement propre) et photométriques sont analysées pour en extraire 98 candidates hautement probables membres d’une des trois associations. Une confirmation de leur statut comme membre nécessitera en particulier une mesure de leur vitesse radiale (prédit par notre analyse) et une mesure de la largeur équivalente du lithium à 6708 Å pour mieux contraindre leur âge. / The gravitational collapse of a molecular gas cloud produces the incipient stars with various masses between 0.08 and approximately 100 M . The majority of the stellar galactic population is made up of stars with masses lower than approximately 0.6 M . The last event of stellar formation in the solar neighborhood happened in the local bubble no more than 100 million of years ago, probably caused by the propagation of a shock wave in the galactic local arm. This is how young associations, also called moving groups were formed. Their members are characterized by a common velocity and position within the Galaxy. Young associations, being sparsely populated and relatively close to the Sun, their members are found all over the sky. So far, only the most massive members (luminous ones) have been identified. Young low-mass stars, comprising the majority of the population, remain to be identified. Those stars are expected to be excellent candidates to find exoplanets through direct imaging techniques, while also forming a key population to constrain M stars and brown dwarfs evolutionnary models. This master thesis presents a new method using a kinematical model coupled with a Bayesian statistic analysis to identify young low-mass stars in the beta Pictoris, Tucana- Horologium and AB Doradus associations. Using a sample of 1080 K and M stars, all showing youth indicators such as Halpha emission and X-rays luminosity, their photometric and kinematic properties (proper motion) are analyzed to extract 98 highly probable members distributed over the three associations. Status confirmation as members will require measurement of their radial velocity (predicted by our analysis) and the lithium at 6708 Å equivalent widths to better constrain their age.

<p>This thesis reports the results of a twofold study on the recently proposed phenomenon of &lsquo / stellar pulsations&rsquo / in young brown dwarfs by the seminal study of Palla and Baraffe (2005) (PB05, thereafter). The PB05 study presents results of a non-adiabatic linear stability analysis showing that young brown dwarfs should become pulsationally unstable during the deuterium burning phase of their evolution.</p>

Formées lors de l’effondrement gravitationnel d’un nuage de gaz moléculaire, les étoiles naissantes auront différentes masses variant entre 0.08 et environ 100M . La majorité de la population stellaire de la Galaxie est constituée d’étoiles dont la masse est inférieure à environ 0.6 M . Le dernier évènement de formation stellaire dans le voisinage solaire s’est produit dans la bulle locale il y a au plus 100 millions d’années, vraisemblablement provoqué par le passage d’une onde de choc dans le bras local de la Galaxie. C’est ainsi que se formèrent de jeunes associations d’étoiles dont les membres se caractérisent en particulier par une vitesse spatiale et une position commune dans la Galaxie. Les associations jeunes étant peu densément peuplées et relativement proches du Soleil, leurs membres se font plutôt rares et dispersés sur toute la voûte céleste. Jusqu’à présent, surtout les étoiles les plus massives (brillantes) ont été répertoriées. Les étoiles jeunes de faible masse, constituant la majorité de la population, restent pour la plupart à être identifiées. Les étoiles jeunes de faible masse représentent une population clef pour contraindre les modèles évolutifs des étoiles M et des naines brunes. Elles sont également d’excellentes candidates pour chercher des exoplanètes via les techniques d’imagerie directe. Ce mémoire présente une nouvelle méthode utilisant un modèle cinématique enrichi d’une analyse statistique Bayesienne pour identifier des étoiles jeunes de faible masse dans les associations beta Pictoris, Tucana-Horologium et AB Doradus. À partir d’un échantillon de 1080 étoiles K et M, toutes comportant des indicateurs de jeunesse tels l’émission Halpha et une forte luminosité dans les rayons X, leurs propriétés cinématiques (mouvement propre) et photométriques sont analysées pour en extraire 98 candidates hautement probables membres d’une des trois associations. Une confirmation de leur statut comme membre nécessitera en particulier une mesure de leur vitesse radiale (prédit par notre analyse) et une mesure de la largeur équivalente du lithium à 6708 Å pour mieux contraindre leur âge. / The gravitational collapse of a molecular gas cloud produces the incipient stars with various masses between 0.08 and approximately 100 M . The majority of the stellar galactic population is made up of stars with masses lower than approximately 0.6 M . The last event of stellar formation in the solar neighborhood happened in the local bubble no more than 100 million of years ago, probably caused by the propagation of a shock wave in the galactic local arm. This is how young associations, also called moving groups were formed. Their members are characterized by a common velocity and position within the Galaxy. Young associations, being sparsely populated and relatively close to the Sun, their members are found all over the sky. So far, only the most massive members (luminous ones) have been identified. Young low-mass stars, comprising the majority of the population, remain to be identified. Those stars are expected to be excellent candidates to find exoplanets through direct imaging techniques, while also forming a key population to constrain M stars and brown dwarfs evolutionnary models. This master thesis presents a new method using a kinematical model coupled with a Bayesian statistic analysis to identify young low-mass stars in the beta Pictoris, Tucana- Horologium and AB Doradus associations. Using a sample of 1080 K and M stars, all showing youth indicators such as Halpha emission and X-rays luminosity, their photometric and kinematic properties (proper motion) are analyzed to extract 98 highly probable members distributed over the three associations. Status confirmation as members will require measurement of their radial velocity (predicted by our analysis) and the lithium at 6708 Å equivalent widths to better constrain their age.

<p>This thesis reports the results of a twofold study on the recently proposed phenomenon of &lsquo / stellar pulsations&rsquo / in young brown dwarfs by the seminal study of Palla and Baraffe (2005) (PB05, thereafter). The PB05 study presents results of a non-adiabatic linear stability analysis showing that young brown dwarfs should become pulsationally unstable during the deuterium burning phase of their evolution.</p>

No description available.

L'étude des exoplanètes, et en particulier celle des planètes géantes gazeuses, est une branche jeune et florissante de l'astrophysique moderne. Les grandes problématiques qui ont émergé des études sur cette population de planètes consistent à comprendre comment elles se sont formées, comment elles ont spatialement et temporellement évolué, et comment elles influencent d'éventuelles autres planètes au sein des systèmes stellaires. Afin d'apporter des réponses à ces questions, il a été nécessaire de développer des techniques d'observation et des outils d'analyse des données les plus performants possibles. C'est dans ce cadre que j'ai effectué mon travail de thèse, qui s'est articulé autour de trois projets.En premier lieu, je me suis intéressée à étudier le taux d'occurrence des planètes géantes gazeuses en orbite autour des naines M. Pour réaliser cette étude statistique, j'ai utilisé des données de deux relevés NaCo, le premier étant consacré aux naines M, et le second étant constitué d'étoiles AF et ayant été précédemment étudié par des membres de notre équipe. J'ai développé un code Monte Carlo, et me suis servie de la logique de la contraposition pour mener une étude comparative des résultats de ces deux relevés. J'ai également associé des gammes de rapports de masses entre la planète et son étoile à des mécanismes de formation privilégiés. J'en ai conclu que la formation des planètes géantes gazeuses formée par accrétion sur coeur était favorisée si ces planètes se situaient autour d'étoiles AF plutôt que des naines M, pour des séparations allant de 8 à 400 unités astronomiques. La fréquence des planètes géantes gazeuses reste toutefois faible quelque soit la masse de l'étoile considérée (typiquement <20%).Je me suis par la suite intéressée à développer un outil statistique capable de combiner des données de vitesses radiales et d'imagerie directe afin d'apporter des contraintes supplémentaires sur la population de planètes géantes situées à toutes les séparations, pour des systèmes particuliers. Le code que j'ai écrit repose sur une génération Monte Carlo de planètes synthétiques. Je l'ai appliqué sur les données de vitesses radiales et d'imagerie d'étoiles jeunes et proches : AUMic, ßPictoris, HD113337, et HD95086. Les futures applications pourront être nombreuses à la fois parce que les données de vitesses radiales sont de plus en plus abondantes, et parce que les instruments de haut contraste et haute résolution angulaire permettent de sonder des séparations toujours plus courtes.Grâce à ces deux premiers projets de ma thèse, j'ai pris en main les outils de réduction de données développés à l'IPAG, et j'ai développé des outils statistiques me permettant de commencer à mener mon dernier projet. Cet ultime projet consiste en l'observation, la réduction et l'analyse de données de vitesses radiales HARPS et d'imagerie SPHERE obtenues conjointement pour un set de naines K5-M5, proches et jeunes. L'analyse de l'ensemble des données va permettre d'apporter de fortes contraintes sur les populations de planètes géantes gazeuses en orbite autour des étoiles de faible masse, depuis les très courtes jusqu'aux plus longues séparations. / Studying exoplanets, and in particular gaseous giant planets, is a new field of modern astrophysics. Understanding how the giant planets form, dynamically evolve, evolve with time, and have an impact on potential other planets within a stellar system are part of the biggest challenges of this science. The development of the most efficient observational technics and optimal analysis tools have been necessary to bring answers to these problematics. This is the context in which I realized my PhD thesis. I present in this manuscript the three projects that I led during these last three years.First, I studied the occurrence rate of the giant planets that orbit around M dwarfs. To realize this statistical study, I used NaCo data from two surveys. The first survey was composed of M dwarfs, the second was made of AF stars that were already studied by members of our team. I developed a Monte Carlo code, and used the contrapositive logic to lead a comparative analysis of these two surveys. I also associated stellar to planet mass ratios to planetary formation scenarios. My conclusions are that giant planets can more easily be formed by core accretion around AF stars than around M dwarfs, for separations between 8 and 400 astronomical units. Wide-orbit giant planets are rare whatever the stellar mass (basically <20%).Then, I developed a statistical tool that combines radial velocity and direct imaging data of specific stars, to better constrain the giant planet population at all separations. The code that I wrote is based on a Monte Carlo generation of synthetic planet populations. I applied this code on radial velocity and direct imaging data from young and nearby stars: AUMic, ßPictoris, HD113337, and HD95086. The future applications will be numerous thanks to the increase of the time baseline of radial velocity data and thanks to new high contrast and high resolution instruments able to probe shorter regions.These first two projects have allowed me to understand how to reduce and analyse data, and to develop statistical tools useful for my last project. This last project consists of observing, reducing and analyzing radial velocity and direct imaging data of a sample of K5-M5 young and nearby dwarfs. This project will bring strong constraints on the gaseous giant planet population that orbits around low mass stars, from short to wider separations.

This thesis primarily uses submillimetre molecular line data from HARP, a heterodyne array on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), to further investigate star formation in the Ophiuchus L1688 cloud. HARP was used to observe CO J = 3-2 isotopologues: 12CO, 13CO and C18O; and the dense gas tracer HCO+ J = 4-3. A method for calculating molecular line contamination in the SCUBA-2 450 and 850 μm dust continuum data was developed, which can be used to convert 12CO J =6-5and J =3-2 maps of integrated intensity (K km s−1) to molecular line flux (mJy beam−1) contaminating the continuum emission. Using HARP maps of 12CO J = 3-2, I quantified the amount of molecular line contamination found in the SCUBA-2 850 μm maps of three different regions, including NGC 1333 of Perseus and NGC 2071 and NGC 2024 of Orion B. Regions with ‘significant’ (i.e. > 20%) molecular line contamination correspond to molecular outflows. This method is now being used to remove molecular line contamination from regions with both SCUBA-2 dust continuum and HARP 12CO map coverage in the Gould Belt Legacy Survey (GBS). The Ophiuchus L1688 cloud was observed in all three CO J = 3-2 isotopologues. I carried out a molecular outflow analysis in the region on a list of 30 sources from the Spitzer ‘c2d’ survey [Evans et al., 2009]. Out of the 30 sources, 8 had confirmed bipolar outflows, 20 sources had ‘confused’ outflow detections and 2 sources did not have outflow detections. The Ophiuchus cloud was found to be gravitationally bound with the turbulent kinetic energy a factor of 7 lower than the gravitational binding energy. The high-velocity outflowing gas was found to be only 21% of the turbulence in the cloud, suggesting outflows are significant but not the dominant source of turbulence in the region. Other factors were found to influence the global high-velocity outflowing gas in addition to molecular outflows, including hot dust from nearby B-type stars, outflow remnants from less embedded sources and stellar winds from the Upper Scorpius OB association. To trace high density gas in the Ophiuchus L1688 cloud, HCO+ J = 4-3 was observed to further investigate the relationship between high column density and high density in the molecular cloud. Non-LTE codes RADEX and TORUS were used to develop density models corresponding to the HCO+ emission. The models involved both constant density and peaked density profiles. RADEX [van der Tak et al., 2007] models used a constant density model along the line-of-sight and indicated the HCO+ traced densities that were predominantly subthermally excited with den- sities ranging from 10^3–10^5 cm^−3. Line-of-sight estimates ranged from several parsecs to 90 pc, which was unrealistic for the Ophiuchus cloud. This lead to the implementation of peaked density profiles using the TORUS non-LTE radiative transfer code. Initial models used a ‘triangle’ density profile and a more complicated log-normal density probability density function (PDF) profile was subsequently implemented. Peaked density models were relatively successful at fitting the HCO+ data. Triangle models had density fits ranging from 0.2–2.0×10^6 cm^−3 and 0.1–0.3×10^6 cm^−3 for the 0.2 and 0.3 pc cloud length models re- spectively. Log-normal density models with constant-σ had peak density ranges from 0.2–1.0 ×10^5 cm^−3 and 0.6–2.0×10^5 cm^−3 for 0.2 and 0.3 pc models respectively. Similarly, log-normal models with varying-σ had lower and upper density limits corresponding to the range of FWHM velocities. Densities (lower and upper limits) ranged from 0.1–1.0 ×10^6 and 0.5–3.0 ×10^5 cm^-3 for the 0.2 and 0.3 pc models respectively. The result of the HCO+ density modelling indicated the distributions of starless, prestellar and protostellar cores do not have a preference for higher densities with respect to the rest of the cloud. This is contrary to past research suggesting the probability of finding a submillimetre core steeply rises as a function of column density (i.e. density; Belloche et al. 2011; Hatchell et al. 2005). Since the majority of sources are less embedded (i.e Class II/III), it is possible the evolutionary state of Ophiuchus is the main reason the small sample of Class 0/I protostars do not appear to have a preference for higher densities in the cloud.

No description available.

No description available.