Fipronil is an insecticide that acts at the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor and glutamate-gated chloride channels in the central nervous systems of target organisms. The use of fipronil is increasing across the globe. Presently, very little data exist on the potential impact of exposure to fipronil on the lungs. We studied the same by exposing mice to fipronil intranasally (N=8) or orally (N=7) for 7 days followed by collection of blood, broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung tissues. Control mice were given corn oil (N=15). The oral and intranasal exposure routes were chosen because these are the most common routes of exposure for humans and animals. Hematoxylin-eosin stained lung sections showed normal histology in the control lungs compared to the thickened alveolar septa, disruption of the airways epithelium and damage to vascular endothelium in the intranasal and the oral groups. Lung sections stained for von Willebrand factor showed that mice exposed to fipronil either orally or intranasally had increased staining in the endothelium and septal capillaries. Compared to the control mice, TLR4 expression in lungs from animals treated orally with fipronil was reduced while animals exposed intranasally had increased TLR4 staining in the airway epithelium. Similarly, TLR9 stained lungs showed that orally treated animals had reduced TLR9 reaction in the airway epithelial cells but intranasally exposed animals had intense TLR9 staining in the alveolar septa and airway epithelium. The slides were also scored blindly to gain a quantitative understanding of the staining; there were a significantly higher number of TLR4 positive stained cells in the intranasal fipronil group (P=0.010) but no significant differences between treatments for TLR9 positive stained cells (P=0.226). The U937 cell line was employed to compliment the in vivo work. Cells were exposed to fipronil in DMSO at concentrations of 0.29 µm to 5.72 µm per 1 ml for various times from 3, 9 and 24 hours. Viability was assessed and western blots on Toll-like receptors 4 and 9 were completed in addition to immunofluorescence. Cell death was determined with trypan blue method. A significant increase in cell death was observed when the cell line was exposed to higher concentrations of fipronil (P<0.0001). Western blots on TLR4 and 9 revealed no significant differences (TLR4 {P=0.49}, TLR9 {P = 0.94}) between cells exposed to fipronil and those exposed to the control (DMSO). The data taken together show that fipronil causes cell dealth in vitro, and induces lung inflammation following oral or intranasal exposure but has different effects on the expression of TLR4 and TLR9 in vivo. Because of the central roles of TLR4 and TLR9 in lung inflammation, fipronil-induced changes in the expression of these receptors would alter the pulmonary response to bacterial infections in the host exposed to fipronil. Further studies are needed to examine the mechanisms through which fipronil regulates expression of immune receptors and also the pulmonary response of fipronil-exposed animals to subsequent microbial infections.

Bibliography: leaves 168-184. The work in this study encompasses oxygen free radical related inflammation in the peripheral lung and in lung cells. Animal and human studies have been used. Methods include cell culture with function studies, protein chemistry, animal and human physiology, and cell and lung structure through histopathology, and various forms of electron microscopy. The work resulting from this thesis has formed an important basis for understanding acute and chronic lung injury.

Bibliography: leaves 168-184. / 184 leaves : ill. (chiefly col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / The work in this study encompasses oxygen free radical related inflammation in the peripheral lung and in lung cells. Animal and human studies have been used. Methods include cell culture with function studies, protein chemistry, animal and human physiology, and cell and lung structure through histopathology, and various forms of electron microscopy. The work resulting from this thesis has formed an important basis for understanding acute and chronic lung injury. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Pathology, 2000

"December 2004" / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 342-379) / xiii, 379 leaves : ill. (col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Medicine, 2005