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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Agronomy and Farming Systems, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-162).

Bibliography: leaves 141-162. / xvii, 162 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Lupin seed (L. angustifolius) is widely used in Australia as supplementary feed for ruminants. However, it does not perform as well on fine-textured and/or alkaline soils, unlike wild lupins. Field trials investigated the effect of domestication of L. angustifolius on seed structure and chemical composition for use as a benchmark for the breeding and selection of wild types L. atlanticus and L. pilasus. The effects of environemental factors on yield and chemical composition were also investigated. Investigation into the feed value of wild lupins indicated their potential as feed supplement for ruminants either by direct grazing or seed supplement. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Agronomy and Farming Systems, 1999

Bibliography: leaves 141-162. Lupin seed (L. angustifolius) is widely used in Australia as supplementary feed for ruminants. However, it does not perform as well on fine-textured and/or alkaline soils, unlike wild lupins. Field trials investigated the effect of domestication of L. angustifolius on seed structure and chemical composition for use as a benchmark for the breeding and selection of wild types L. atlanticus and L. pilasus. The effects of environemental factors on yield and chemical composition were also investigated. Investigation into the feed value of wild lupins indicated their potential as feed supplement for ruminants either by direct grazing or seed supplement.

Bibliography: leaves 141-162. / xvii, 162 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Lupin seed (L. angustifolius) is widely used in Australia as supplementary feed for ruminants. However, it does not perform as well on fine-textured and/or alkaline soils, unlike wild lupins. Field trials investigated the effect of domestication of L. angustifolius on seed structure and chemical composition for use as a benchmark for the breeding and selection of wild types L. atlanticus and L. pilasus. The effects of environemental factors on yield and chemical composition were also investigated. Investigation into the feed value of wild lupins indicated their potential as feed supplement for ruminants either by direct grazing or seed supplement. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Agronomy and Farming Systems, 1999

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[Truncated abstract] Australia produces 87% of the world’s lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) which have the potential to be an excellent source of protein and energy in animal diets. However, feed manufacturers and poultry producers cannot use more than about 5% lupins in broiler and 7% in layer diets. The main reason is because 34% of the lupin grain comprises complex cell-wall polysaccharides that are indigestible. The main component of cell walls in lupins is pectin (33%). Poultry cannot digest pectin because they don't secrete the appropriate enzymes so their ability to use lupins is limited. Undigested pectins increase the viscosity of digesta in the bird's digestive tract, which in turn reduces the digestibility of dry matter and efficiency of feed utilisation. Pectins also increase water-holding capacity, a characteristic directly related to water intake and wet droppings. In this thesis, I tested the general hypothesis that breakdown of cell walls and pectins will improve the nutritive value of lupins for broilers and layers and reduce wet droppings. This hypothesis was tested in six experiments by treating lupins with specific exogenous enzymes (pectinases) or mechanical-heat treatment (expansion) plus pectinase. In the first experiment, attempts to break down the cell walls and pectins using four doses of pectinase, specifically polygalacturonase (PG), succeeded in improving the nutritive value of whole and dehulled lupins for egg layers. The lowest dose, 0.6g/kg diet, was the most effective dose for reducing water intake, wet droppings, the viscosity of the digesta and the number of soiled eggs. ... Equivalent figures for layers were 14, 15, 5 and 8%, indicating that the pectinases were slightly more effective in layers than broilers. For diets containing 20% dehulled lupins, pectinases were also very effective at breaking down both pectin and cell walls to release nutrients and, concomitantly, reducing water intake and wet droppings, but the magnitude of the responses was slightly less than with the 10% dehulled lupin diets. For diets containing 30% dehulled lupins, although the pectinases again were effective at breaking down pectin and cell walls and reducing viscosity, they did not reduce water intake or wet droppings. This might be due to the large amounts of nonmethylated pectic polysaccharides, which make up two thirds of the cell walls, by increasing water-holding capacity particularly when dehulled lupins are included in the diet at high levels (up to 30%). These polysaccharides might be broken down by appropriate enzymes. This hypothesis is worth testing in the future. Overall, the results of my study supported the general hypothesis. These in vivo results are conclusive and consistent. They show that an optimum combination of PME and PG is capable of including dehulled lupins up to 20% in broiler and layer diets without any nutritional or hygienic problems. The strategies I developed have proven very useful for breaking down the cell walls and pectins, improving the nutritive value of lupins for broilers and layers, and reducing wet droppings. By using the optimum combination of two pectinases, it should be possible to make substantial improvements in the nutritive value of lupins for broilers and layers, most importantly by reducing excessive water intake and wet droppings associated with feeding dehulled lupins. Without pectinases, the amount of dehulled lupins used in poultry diets is fairly small (7%), but if pectinases are used, this upper limit can be lifted to 20%.

The braided rivers and floodplains in the Upper Waitaki Basin (UWB) of the South Island of New Zealand are critical habitats for endangered and threatened fauna such as the black stilt. However, this habitat has degraded due to introduced predators, hydropower operations, and invasive weeds including Russell lupins. While conservation efforts have been made to restore these habitats, flood events may provide a natural mechanism for removal of invasive vegetation and re-creation of natural floodplain habitats. However, little is understood about the hydraulic effects of floods on vegetation and potential mortality in these dynamic systems. Therefore, this thesis analyzed the flood-induced processes that cause lupin mortality in a reach of the Ahuriri River in the UWB, and simulated various sized flood events to assess how and where these processes occurred. To determine the processes that cause lupin mortality, post-flood observations were utilized to develop the hypothesis that flood-induced drag, erosion, sediment deposition, inundation, and trauma were responsible. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate and quantify these individual processes, and results showed that drag, erosion, sediment deposition and inundation could cause lupin mortality. Utilizing these mortality processes, mortality thresholds of velocity, water depth, inundation duration, and morphologic changes were estimated through data analysis and evaluation of various empirical relationships. Delft3D was the numerical model used to simulate 2-dimensional flood hydraulics in the study-reach and was calibrated in three stages for hydraulics, vegetation, and morphology. Hydraulic calibration was achieved using the study-reach topography captured by Structure-from-Motion (SfM) and various hydraulic data (depth, velocity, and water extent from aerial photographs). Vegetation inclusion in Delft3D was possible utilizing a function called ‘trachytopes’, which represented vegetation roughness and flow resistance and was calibrated utilizing data from a lupin-altered flow conveyance experiment. Morphologic calibration was achieved by simulating an observed near-mean annual flood event (209 m3 s-1) and adjusting the model parameters until the simulated morphologic changes best represented the observed morphologic changes captured by pre- and post-flood SfM digital elevation models. Calibration results showed that hydraulics were well represented, vegetation inclusion often improved the simulated water inundation extent accuracy at high flows, but that local erosion and sediment deposition were difficult to replicate. Simulation of morphological change was expected to be limited due to simplistic bank erosion prediction methods. Nevertheless, the model was considered adequate since simulated total bank erosion was comparable to that observed and realistic river characteristics (riffles, pools, and channel width) were produced. Flood events ranging from the 2- to 500-year flood were simulated with the calibrated model, and lupin mortality was estimated using simulation results with the lupin mortality thresholds. Results showed that various degrees of lupin mortality occurred for the different flood events, but that the dominant mortality processes fluctuated between erosion, drag, and inundation. Sediment deposition-induced mortality was minimal, but was likely under-represented in the modeling due to poor model sediment deposition replication and possibly over-restrictive deposition mortality thresholds. The research presented in this thesis provided greater understanding of how natural flood events restore and preserve the floodplain habitats of the UWB and can be used to aid current and future braided river conservation and restoration efforts.

[Truncated abstract] Narrow-leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) was first recorded as having been introduced into Germany during the mid-19th century for use as green manuring and as fodder crops. However, it was not until post World-War I that there was any serious attempt to domesticate the species. Since that time several key domestication genes have been incorporated to enable the species to be grown as a crop over a range of climates, harvested as a bulk commodity and, the seed used for both animal and human consumption. However, the recent domestication of this species has seen a rather limited use of wild germplasm largely as a result of the difficulty in retaining these key domestication genes. To make the task of retaining these genes manageable, it was decided to resort to molecular technology. A mapping population of F8 derived recombinant inbred lines (RILs) has previously been established by the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, from a cross between a domesticated breeding line 83A:476 and a wild type P27255 in narrow-leaf lupin. The parents together with 89 RILs (of a population of 115) were subjected to DNA fingerprinting using microsatelliteanchored fragment length polymorphism (MFLP) to rapidly generate DNA markers for construction of a linkage map. Five hundred and twenty two unique markers of which 21% were co-dominant, were generated and mapped. Phenotypic data for the domestication traits: mollis (soft seeds), leucospermus (white flower and seed colour); Lentus (reduced pod-shattering), iucundis (low alkaloid), Ku (early flowering) and moustache pattern on seed coats; were included. Three to 7 molecular markers were identified within 5 cM of each of these domestication genes. The anthracnose resistance gene Lanr1 was also mapped. Linkage groups were constructed using MapManager version QTXb20, resulting in 21 linkage groups consisting of 8 or more markers. ... Five pairs of QTLs were found to be involved in epistasis, 2 of these having an effect on early vigour and another 3 influencing the time to opening of the first florets. Variation explained for each trait ranged from 28% for seed size, to 88% for days to flowering. We showed that it was possible to use this data to predict genotypes of superior progeny for these traits under Mediterranean conditions. QTL regions were compared on a second published linkage map and regions of conserved synteny with the model legume Medicago truncatula high-lighted. The work presented in this thesis demonstrates the importance of tight linkage between markers and genes of interest. It is especially important when dealing with genetically diverse material as found in the wild. One of the main problems faced by molecular scientists is the phenomenon known as linkage disequilibrium in marker populations caused by either small population size or 4 insufficient opportunity for recombination. This frequently results in the development of markers with little or no application outside of the population in which it was developed. Although the relatively small size of the population used in this study exposes it to such constraints, in this case excellent and valuable results were achieved in developing useful markers to at least 3 of the domestication traits within a relatively short time period of less then 4 years.