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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Lymphodepletion with repeated cycles of alemtuzumab and secondary autoimmunity after alemtuzumab treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

Azzopardi, Laura January 2018 (has links)
Background: Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system, with significant morbidity and mortality. The lymphocyte depleting, anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab is a highly effective treatment option in RRMS, though associated with high rates of secondary autoimmune disorders. As alemtuzumab is now in routine clinical use, following licensing in Europe and the US, understanding the effects of repeated treatment cycles and reducing the risk of secondary autoimmunity is timely and essential. In this thesis, I explore how repeated treatment impacts the extent of lymphodepletion. I also study the role of soluble CD52, recently described as suppressive via interaction with Siglec-10, in the mechanism of secondary autoimmunity, and determine the biomarker potential of pre-treatment cytokine levels. Findings: CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes are less effectively depleted with repeated treatment cycles. Lymphocyte surface CD52 density was found by flow cytometry to be significantly lower after alemtuzumab treatment, although CD52-negative clones are not seen. In a cytolysis assay, reduced CD52 density was shown to correlate with reduced susceptibility to alemtuzumab. In addition, activated proliferating T lymphocytes, as observed after treatment, downregulated CD52 expression in a gene expression assay and shed the antigen from cell surface as demonstrated by ELISA and flow cytometry. The development of immunoassays to detect and quantify anti-idiotype antibodies to alemtuzumab is presented. The occurrence of antibodies at retreatment did not reduce lymphocyte depletion. A regulatory role for soluble CD52 was not found in suppression assays, and the proportion of antigen-activated CD52hi T cells did not vary between healthy controls and RRMS individuals. Siglec-10 was not seen on cell surface of activated T cells by flow cytometry and gene expression; thus concluding that soluble CD52 does not play a role in post-alemtuzumab induced autoimmunity. Prior to treatment, the only serum cytokine found to distinguish individuals who develop autoimmunity from those who do not was IL-21 (higher in the autoimmune cohort), however currently commercially available IL-21 immunoassays have no utility as predictive biomarker tests.
2

Thymic function and rejection in heart transplantation / Fonction thymique et rejet en transplantation cardiaque

Sannier, Aurélie 28 November 2017 (has links)
L’induction de tolérance est le principal objectif de la recherche en transplantation car elle permettrait de prévenir le rejet et d’éliminer la morbidité secondaire à l’immunosuppression prolongée. Dans ce cadre, le thymus pourrait être un organe crucial car il permet d’établir la taille et la diversité de la population lymphocytaire T et est responsable de la génération d’une tolérance immunitaire en façonnant le répertoire T par le processus de sélection négative. En plus des lymphocytes T, les cellules dendritiques (CDs), épithéliales et les lymphocytes B jouent un rôle important dans le thymus, en tant que cellules présentatrices d’antigènes (CPAs). Ainsi, le thymus est un organe hautement dynamique, à l’interface entre système immunitaire central et périphérique. Alors qu’il débute son involution avant l’âge adulte, une fonction thymique persiste toute la vie, avec un grand degré de variabilité interindividuelle.Dans le cadre de la transplantation cardiaque, les patients sont souvent soumis à un traitement lymphodéplétant par sérum anti-lymphocytaire (SAL), afin de réduire le risque de rejet, mais avec un potentiel risque iatrogénique pour le thymus. De plus, ces patients subissent une chirurgie au cours de laquelle les reliquats thymiques pourraient être partiellement réséqués.Sachant que la fonction thymique varie entre les individus et qu’une régénération thymique est possible dans les suites d’une lymphodéplétion, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que la transplantation cardiaque serait un contexte associé à une réactivation de la fonction thymique et qu’une relation pourrait exister entre cette fonction et la survenue d’un rejet.Tout d’abord, j’ai analysé l’influence des thérapies d’induction sur la cinétique de repopulation lymphocytaire. J’ai étudié les sous-populations lymphocytaires avant et peu après la transplantation chez des patients recevant une induction par basiliximab (antagoniste du récepteur de l’IL-2) ou SAL et ai montré que le SAL induisait une sénescence immunologique précoce. Cette première partie a permis la caractérisation des modifications immunologiques induites par le SAL avant d’analyser les populations lymphocytaires chez les patients transplantés traités par le SAL en fonction de la survenue d’un rejet. Dans ce cadre,j’ai ensuite démontré qu’une thymopoïèse plus intense était observée chez les patients développant un rejet humoral (RH), par l’étude des cercles d’excision du récepteur des cellules T (TREC), la quantification des émigrants thymiques récents (ETR) et une évaluation par imagerie dans un sous-groupe de patients. Ce résultat était plutôt inattendu sachant que le thymus est largement décrit comme un organe tolérogène pour les réponses alloimmunes T.Afin de clarifier le rôle du thymus dans la réponse humorale alloimmune, nous avons mis en place un modèle murin d’allotransplantation aortique (AA) associé ou non à une thymectomie prophylactique. Nous avons démontré que la thymectomie réduisait la réponse médiée par les anticorps, avec une expansion concomitante des lymphocytes T régulateurs. En conclusion, ces données suggèrent que la suractivation du thymus pourrait promouvoir une réponse alloimmune humorale, un résultat inattendu car d’autres travaux indiquent que le thymus est plutôt un inducteur de tolérance. Le thymus pourrait avoir un double rôle, en promouvant la tolérance lymphocytaire T mais aussi, dans un contexte de suractivation, la survenue du RH par un mécanisme restant à élucider. D’autres études doivent être menées pour mieux comprendre l’interaction entre les différents contingents cellulaires thymiques et la modulation des fonctions du thymus au cours de la vie et dans les situations de réactivation du thymus. / The induction of tolerance remains the main goal of transplantation research because it would prevent the development of rejection and eliminate the morbidity associated with prolonged immunosuppression. In this setting, the thymus could be a crucial organ because it establishes the size and diversity of the naïve T-cell pool and is responsible for the generation of immunetolerance by shaping the T-cell repertoire through the process of negative selection. Inaddition to T lymphocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), epithelial cells and B lymphocytes play animportant role in the thymus as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Therefore, it is a highlydynamic organ, functioning at the interface between the central and peripheral immunesystem. While it undergoes involution before adulthood, thymic function persists throughout life, though with a high degree of interindividual variability. In the field of heart transplantation, patients are often subjected to lymphodepleting therapy by antithymocyteglobulin (ATG), which is expected to reduce the risk of acute rejection but potentiallyr epresents a main contributor to iatrogenic thymic injury. Additionally, heart transplant (HTx)patients under go surgery during which the thymic remnants may be at least partially removedor surgically injured. Considering the variation in thymic function between individuals and possibility of thymic regeneration following lymphodepletion, we hypothesized that heart transplantation could be a clinical situation associated with a reactivation of thymic functionand that there could be a relationship between this function and the onset of rejection. First, I analyzed the influence of induction therapies on the repopulation kinetics of lymphocytes. I studied lymphocyte subpopulations in pre- and early post-transplant period ina cohort of patients receiving either basiliximab (IL-2 receptor antagonist) or ATG inductionand showed that ATG induced accelerated immunological senescence. This first part enabled the characterization of immune modifications induced by ATG before analysis of there partition of lymphocyte subpopulations in ATG-treated HTx patients classified according rejection on set. In this setting, I next demonstrated the occurrence of more efficient thymopoiesis in HTx patients who developed antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), by assessments of blood T cell receptor excision circle (TREC) levels, quantification of circulating recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) and imaging evaluation in a subset of patients. This finding was rather unexpected, as the thymus is widely described as a tolerogenic organfor alloimmune T cell responses. To clarify the role of the thymus in the humoral alloimmune response, we used a murine model of aortic allotransplantation (AA) associated or not withprophylactic thymectomy. We demonstrated that thymectomy decreased antibody-mediated responses, with a concomitant expansion of the regulatory T cell compartment. In conclusion, my data suggest that over-activation of the thymus could prompt humoral alloimmune responses, which was unexpected since previously published data indicate that the thymus rather induces T cell tolerance. Hence, the thymus might serve a dual role bypromoting T cell tolerance but, when over-activated, promoting AMR on set through a mechanism that remains to be elucidated. Further investigations are needed to better understand the complex interplay between the different thymic cell constituents and the modulation of thymic functions throughout life and in situations of thymic reactivation.

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