Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JennysLMB.pdf: 3002293 bytes, checksum: 3b71773a14bee418fd80243a633d0cc8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-22 / Steam assisted gravity drainage process (SAGD) involves two parallel horizontal wells located in a same vertical plane, where the top well is used as steam injector and the bottom well as producer. The dominant force in this process is gravitational. This improved oil recovery method has been demonstrated to be economically viable in commercial projects of oil recovery for heavy and extra heavy oil, but it is not yet implemented in Brazil. The study of this technology in reservoirs with characteristics of regional basins is necessary in order to analyze if this process can be used, minimizing the steam rate demand and improving the process profitability. In this study, a homogeneous reservoir was modeled with characteristics of Brazilian Northeast reservoirs. Simulations were accomplished with STARS , a commercial software from Computer Modelling Group, which is used to simulate improved oil recovery process in oil reservoirs. In this work, a steam optimization was accomplished in reservoirs with different physical characteristics and in different cases, through a technical-economic analysis. It was also studied a semi-continuous steam injection or with injection stops. Results showed that it is possible to use a simplified equation of the net present value, which incorporates earnings and expenses on oil production and expenses in steam requirement, in order to optimize steam rate and obtaining a higher net present value in the process. It was observed that SAGD process can be or not profitable depending on reservoirs characteristics. It was also obtained that steam demand can still be reduced injecting in a non continuous form, alternating steam injection with stops at several time intervals. The optimization of these intervals allowed to minimize heat losses and to improve oil recovery / O processo de drenagem gravitacional com inje??o cont?nua de vapor (SAGD) envolve dois po?os horizontais paralelos localizados em uma mesma vertical, onde o po?o superior ? usado como injetor de vapor e o inferior como produtor. A for?a dominante neste processo ? a gravitacional. Este m?todo de recupera??o avan?ada tem sido demonstrado ser economicamente vi?vel em projetos comerciais de recupera??o de petr?leo pesado e extra pesado, mas ainda n?o foi implementado no Brasil. O estudo desta tecnologia em reservat?rios com caracter?sticas das bacias regionais ? necess?rio para analisar como se ad?qua o processo para minimizar a demanda de vapor obtendo a maior rentabilidade do processo. Neste estudo foi usado um modelo homog?neo com caracter?sticas de reservat?rios do Nordeste Brasileiro. As simula??es foram realizadas em um programa comercial da Computer Modelling Group , o STARS , m?dulo usado para realizar estudos de m?todos de recupera??o avan?ada de reservat?rios de ?leo. Neste trabalho, foi realizada uma otimiza??o do vapor em reservat?rios com diferentes caracter?sticas f?sicas e em diferentes cen?rios, atrav?s de uma an?lise t?cnico-econ?mica. Tamb?m foi estudada a inje??o de vapor semi-cont?nua ou com paradas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que ? poss?vel utilizar uma equa??o simplificada do valor presente l?quido, que incorpora os ganhos e gastos na produ??o de ?leo e os gastos na inje??o de vapor, para otimizar a demanda do vapor obtendo um maior valor presente l?quido no processo. Observou-se que o m?todo (SAGD) pode ser ou n?o rent?vel dependendo das caracter?sticas do reservat?rio. Encontrou-se tamb?m que a necessidade de vapor pode ainda ser diminu?da utilizando esquemas de inje??o de vapor com paradas em intervalos de tempo otimizados, e isto permitiu minimizar as perdas de calor e melhorar a recupera??o.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-01-13T12:25:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcelAraujoRocha_DISSERT.pdf: 5011334 bytes, checksum: d4996c7516aeda7455db92bc1ebfc1d5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-01-23T13:23:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcelAraujoRocha_DISSERT.pdf: 5011334 bytes, checksum: d4996c7516aeda7455db92bc1ebfc1d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-23T13:23:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcelAraujoRocha_DISSERT.pdf: 5011334 bytes, checksum: d4996c7516aeda7455db92bc1ebfc1d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-14 / A explora??o de reservas de hidrocarbonetos pesados e extrapesados ? de interesse primordial para muitas companhias de petr?leo, uma vez que, a magnitude desses recursos representa parte da energia mundial. A produ??o de ?leo pesado, a partir de dep?sitos subterr?neos, ? complexa, at? mesmo sob as melhores circunst?ncias, devido principalmente ? elevada viscosidade do ?leo. Para melhor desenvolver o processo de produ??o, tornando-o eficiente, de maneira que os fluidos que n?o seriam produzidos consigam chegar ? superf?cie, foram desenvolvidos m?todos de recupera??o convencionais e especiais, para obten??o de um maior fator de recupera??o e, consequentemente, uma maior lucratividade na opera??o de explota??o dessas jazidas. Para reduzir a alta viscosidade e as elevadas tens?es interfaciais, foram desenvolvidos os m?todos t?rmicos. Nesse trabalho, simulou-se a inje??o continua de vapor, com po?os injetores verticais e horizontais, para desenvolver um reservat?rio com caracter?sticas do Nordeste brasileiro, de ?leo pesado, atrav?s da condu??o dos fluidos produzidos com po?o horizontal. Foram feitas an?lises t?cnicas e econ?micas dos modelos que diferiam quanto ?s suas restri??es e arranjos estruturais do sistema. Na configura??o horizontal se observou a influ?ncia da vaz?o de inje??o, da dist?ncia vertical e da dist?ncia lateral sobre o fator de recupera??o. Na configura??o vertical se analisou a influ?ncia da vaz?o de inje??o, da completa??o dos injetores, da dist?ncia lateral e da quantidade de po?os injetores sobre o fator de recupera??o. Diante dos modelos proposto, analisou-se a produ??o acumulada de ?leo, o Volume Poroso Injetado, a forma??o das c?maras de vapor e o Valor Presente L?quido. Tecnicamente, os modelos em que se injetou vapor com po?os verticais obtiveram maior fator de recupera??o de ?leo, j? os modelos horizontais se sobressa?ram economicamente. / The reserves exploration of heavy and extra heavy hydrocarbon is of prime interest to many oil companies, since the magnitude of these resources the magnitude of these resources still stands out on the global and Brazilian energy matrix. The production of heavy oil, from the underground deposits is complex, even on the best of circumstances, mainly due to the high viscosity of the oil. To further develop the process of production, making it efficient, so that the fluids that would not be produced get to reach the surface, complementary recovery methods and advanced were developed to obtain a higher recovery factor and, hence, greater profitability in operation exploitation of these deposits. To combat the high viscosity and high interfacial tensions, thermal methods were developed. In this work, the steam injection continues was simulated in vertical and horizontal injection wells, to develop a reservoir with characteristics of the Brazilian Northeast of heavy oil, by conducting fluid produced with horizontal well. Technical and economic analyzes were made of the models that differ in their structural constraints and system arrangements. In horizontal configuration was observed the influence of the injection flow, of the vertical distance and of the lateral distance over the recovery factor. In vertical configuration was analyzed the influence of the injection flow, of the injection wells completion, of the lateral distance and the amount of injection wells over the recovery factor. Faced the proposed models, was analyzed the cumulative oil production, the Pore Volume Injected, the formation of steam chambers and the Net Present Value. Technically, the models in which steam is injected with vertical wells had higher recovery factor of oil, since the horizontal models stood out economically.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ErnestoVBa_DISSERT.pdf: 9825397 bytes, checksum: 732b67b111fb317d406c771240e47d87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-18 / Electrical resistive heating (ERH) is a thermal method used to improve oil recovery. It can increase oil rate and oil recovery due to temperature increase caused by electrical current passage through oil zone. ERH has some advantage compared with well-known thermal methods such as continuous steam flood, presenting low-water production. This method can be applied to reservoirs with different characteristics and initial reservoir conditions. Commercial software was used to test several cases using a semi-synthetic homogeneous reservoir with some characteristics as found in northeast Brazilian basins. It was realized a sensitivity analysis of some reservoir parameters, such as: oil zone, aquifer presence, gas cap presence and oil saturation on oil recovery and energy consumption. Then it was tested several cases studying the electrical variables considered more important in the process, such as: voltage, electrical configurations and electrodes positions. Energy optimization by electrodes voltage levels changes and electrical settings modify the intensity and the electrical current distribution in oil zone and, consequently, their influences in reservoir temperature reached at some regions. Results show which reservoir parameters were significant in order to improve oil recovery and energy requirement in for each reservoir. Most significant parameters on oil recovery and electrical energy delivered were oil thickness, presence of aquifer, presence of gas cap, voltage, electrical configuration and electrodes positions. Factors such as: connate water, water salinity and relative permeability to water at irreducible oil saturation had low influence on oil recovery but had some influence in energy requirements. It was possible to optimize energy consumption and oil recovery by electrical variables. Energy requirements can decrease by changing electrodes voltages during the process. This application can be extended to heavy oil reservoirs of high depth, such as offshore fields, where nowadays it is not applicable any conventional thermal process such as steam flooding / O Aquecimento El?trico Resistivo (AER) ? um m?todo t?rmico usado para aumentar a recupera??o de petr?leo. Este aumenta a vaz?o de ?leo e conseq?entemente a recupera??o de petr?leo devido ao aumento de temperatura promovida pela passagem de corrente el?trica na zona de interesse. O AER tem algumas vantagens sobre m?todos t?rmicos conhecidos, como inje??o cont?nua de vapor, por apresentar baixa produ??o de ?gua, podendo ser aplicado a reservat?rios com diversas caracter?sticas e diversas condi??es iniciais. Um software comercial foi usado para testar v?rios casos usando um reservat?rio homog?neo semi-sint?tico com algumas caracter?sticas encontradas em reservat?rio da bacia sedimentar do Nordeste Brasileiro. Foi realizada uma an?lise de sensibilidade dos par?metros de reservat?rio, tais como: espessura da zona de ?leo, presen?as de capa de g?s e de aq??fero e satura??o de ?leo, na recupera??o de ?leo e consumo de energia el?trica. V?rios casos foram testados usando vari?veis el?tricas consideradas mais importantes no processo, tais como: tens?o, configura??es el?tricas e posi??es dos eletrodos. Os resultados mostram que os par?metros de reservat?rio foram significativos no sentido de aumentar a recupera??o de ?leo e a demanda de energia em cada reservat?rio. Os par?metros mais significativos na recupera??o de ?leo e no consumo de energia foram: a espessura da zona de ?leo, presen?as de capa de g?s e de aq??fero, as configura??es el?tricas e a posi??o dos eletrodos. Fatores como: satura??o irredut?vel de ?gua, salinidade da ?gua e a permeabilidade relativa da ?gua na satura??o residual de ?leo tiveram pouca influ?ncia na recupera??o de ?leo, mas tiveram uma influ?ncia maior na demanda de energia. Foi poss?vel otimizar o consumo de energia com a recupera??o de ?leo usando as vari?veis el?tricas. Estas aplica??es podem ser estendidas para reservat?rios de ?leo pesado e de grande profundidade, como em campos mar?timos (offshore), onde atualmente n?o ? poss?vel o uso de m?todos t?rmicos convencionais de recupera??o, como a inje??o de vapor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EduardoEFB_DISSERT_1-100.pdf: 2141096 bytes, checksum: 2c8315a9a7567e27a669088e0bbc6350 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-01 / The application of thermal methods, to increase the recovery of heavy oil in mature fields through drainage with multilateral and horizontal wells, has been thoroughly studied, theorically, experimentally, testing new tools and methods. The continuous injection of steam, through a steam injector well and a horizontal producer well in order to improve horizontal sweep of the fluid reservoir, it is an efficient method. Starting from an heterogeneous model, geologically characterized, modeling geostatistics, set history and identification of the best path of permeability, with seismic 3D, has been dubbed a studying model. It was studied horizontal wells in various directions in relation to the steam and the channel of higher permeability, in eight different depths. Into in the same area were studied, the sensitivity of the trajectories of horizontal wells, according to the depth of navigation. With the purpose of obtaining the highest output of oil to a particular flow, quality, temperature and time for the injection of steam. The wells studied showed a significant improvement in the cumulative oil recovery in one of the paths by promoting an alternative to application in mature fields or under development fields with heavy oil / A aplica??o de m?todos t?rmicos, para aumentar a recupera??o de ?leo pesado em campos maduros atrav?s da drenagem com po?os horizontais e multilaterais, tem sido exaustivamente estudada, te?rica e experimentalmente, testando novas ferramentas e novos m?todos. A inje??o cont?nua de vapor, atrav?s de um po?o injetor e de um po?o horizontal produtor com o objetivo de proporcionar uma varredura dos fluidos do reservat?rio, mostra-se um m?todo eficiente. Partindo de um modelo heterog?neo, geologicamente caracterizado por, modelagem geoestat?stica, ajuste de hist?rico e identifica??o do melhor caminho de permeabilidade, com a s?smica 3D, foi montado um modelo para estudo. Foram estudados po?os horizontais em v?rias dire??es em rela??o ao injetor de vapor e ao canal de maior permeabilidade, em oito profundidades diferentes. Dentro de uma mesma zona foram estudadas, a sensibilidade das trajet?rias de po?os horizontais, em fun??o da profundidade de navega??o. Com a finalidade de obter a maior produ??o acumulada de ?leo a uma determinada vaz?o, qualidade, temperatura e per?odo de inje??o do vapor. Os po?os estudados evidenciam uma melhora significativa na recupera??o acumulada de ?leo em uma das trajet?rias, promovendo uma alternativa de aplica??o em campos maduros ou em desenvolvimento com ?leo pesado

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GertrudesOQ.pdf: 1545154 bytes, checksum: 8733f5db29d9ddd6780de7e34160f375 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-16 / Thermal methods made heavy oil production possible in fields where primary recovery failed. Throughout the years steam injection became one of the most important alternatives to increase heavy oil recovery. There are many types of steam injection, and one of them is the cyclic steam injection, which has been used with success in several countries, including Brazil. The process involves three phases: firstly, steam is injected, inside of the producing well; secondly, the well is closed (soak period); and finally, the well is put back into production. These steps constitute one cycle. The cycle is repeated several times until economical production limit is reached. Usually, independent of reservoir type, as the number of cycles increases the cyclic injection turns less efficient. This work aims to analyze rock and reservoir property influence in the cyclic steam injection. The objective was to study the ideal number of cycles and, consequently, process optimization. Simulations were realized using the STARS simulator from the CMG group based in a proposed reservoir model. It was observed that the reservoir thickness was the most important parameter in the process performance, whilst soaking time influence was not significant / Os m?todos t?rmicos viabilizaram a produ??o de ?leo pesado em campos considerados n?o comerciais pelos m?todos convencionais de recupera??o. A inje??o de vapor, em particular, veio a se consagrar ao longo dos anos e ? hoje uma das principais alternativas economicamente vi?vel para o aumento da recupera??o dos ?leos pesados. Dentre as ramifica??es da inje??o de vapor existentes a inje??o c?clica tem sido utilizada com sucesso em escalas comerciais em v?rios pa?ses, incluindo o Brasil. O processo envolve tr?s fases: a primeira ? a inje??o de vapor na qual o vapor ? injetado, dentro do po?o produtor, por um per?odo espec?fico de tempo; em seguida, o po?o ? fechado por um curto per?odo de tempo ( soak period ); e finalmente, o po?o ? recolocado em produ??o durante meses a anos. Esse processo constitui um ciclo. O ciclo ? repetido um n?mero de vezes at? que o limite econ?mico na produ??o seja alcan?ado. Independente do tipo de reservat?rio, a inje??o c?clica geralmente se torna menos eficiente ? propor??o que o n?mero de ciclos aumenta. Este trabalho visa analisar a influ?ncia de algumas propriedades de rocha e reservat?rio na inje??o c?clica de vapor a fim de estudar o n?mero ideal de ciclos e, conseq?entemente, otimizar o processo. Foram realizadas simula??es, utilizando o simulador STARS do grupo CMG, a partir de um modelo de reservat?rio proposto. Observou-se que o efeito da espessura do reservat?rio foi o par?metro que mais influenciou no desempenho do processo, enquanto que para o tempo de soaking essa influ?ncia n?o foi significativa