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Le virus de la maladie de Marek (MDV) est un alphaherpesvirus à l’origine du développement de lymphomes chez les volailles. A ce jour, l’origine du développement des tumeurs induites par le MDV est encore peu connue malgré l’identification de plusieurs oncoprotéines virales. Au vu de l’implication des dommages à l’ADN dans la pathogenèse de plusieurs virus notamment les herpesvirus, mon projet de thèse avait pour objectif de déterminer l’impact de l’apparition de lésions d’ADN sur le cycle viral du MDV. Nous avons montré que l’infection cytolytique de MDV s’accompagne d’une accumulation de lésions dans l’ADN cellulaire de lymphocytes et cellules fibroblastiques de poulet. La phase de latente de l’infection MDV n’affecte pas l’intégrité de l’ADN des lymphocytes alors que la réactivation du virus conduit à l’apparition de lésions d’ADN. De plus, en utilisant une approche originale in vivo, nous avons confirmé le rôle essentiel de la protéine virale VP22 dans l’induction de ces dommages. Nous avons pu établir que l’induction des dommages à l’ADN au cours de l’infection et/ou la réponse cellulaire engendrée sont non seulement favorables à la réplication du virus mais également que l’apparition de ces lésions est étroitement liée au pouvoir oncogène du MDV. / Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is an alphaherpesvirus responsible of T lymphoma in chickens. Mechanisms leading to cellular transformation mediated by MDV are still incompletely understood. DNA damage and the associated cellular response participate actively in the life cycle of viruses, especially herpesviruses. Here, we aimed at deciphering the role of DNA damages in MDV pathogenesis. We show that MDV lytic infection leads to DNA lesions in lymphocytes and fibroblasts of chickens. Moreover, we demonstrated that MDV latently-infected lymphocytes exhibits undamaged DNA whereas MDV reactivation leads to an onset of DNA lesions. Also, using an original in vivo approach, we objectified the role of VP22 on DNA damages induction. Finally, we established that DNA damage and/or the associated DNA damage response are not only benefic to MDV replication but also that the DNA lesions onset might participate to MDV oncogenicity.

The influenza virus, a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, causes regular, large-scale morbidity and mortality in birds and humans and significant human suffering and economic loss. The primary aim of this study was to develop a novel influenza vaccine. Vaccines are an essential tool for the control of influenza because they increase resistance to infection, prevent illness and death and help to limit virus transmission to other birds and mammals, including humans. By reducing the environmental contamination of influenza virus in global poultry stocks, the risk of a new pandemic virus being generated by the human-avian link is diminished. Marek’s Disease is a common lymphoproliferative disease of poultry that is readily controlled worldwide using the live attenuated vaccine, CVI988. The Marek’s Disease Virus (MDV) CVI988 viral genome, available as a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC), forms viable infectious viral particles when transfected into Chicken Embryo Fibroblast (CEF) cells. Using BAC mutagenesis, two non-essential genes in the MDV CVI988 BAC (UL41 and US10), were identified and replaced by the low pathogenic influenza haemagglutinin 10 (H10) gene. These live recombinant MDV-H10 vectors will allow simultaneous vaccination against both pathogens. In addition, the non-essential genes were also replaced with GFP creating MDV-GFP constructs. Both genes were expressed initially using a CMV promoter, although this disrupted the MDV CVI988 BAC; a second promoter, PGK-1, proved more successful. A third MDV gene (UL50) was deleted, but severe attenuation prevented the incorporation of H10 into this open reading frame. Future work to test the MDV-HA constructs in vivo will be carried out in collaboration with the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie in Italy. In addition, development of MDV constructs containing multiple HA genes (H10 and H5) linked by the 2A polyprotein can be developed with the goal of establishing heterosubtypic immunity.

No description available.