The present study is a retrospective cohort analysis which sought to examine adherence to medications used in managing painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (PDPN) and to determine their association with oral antidiabetic (OAD) medication adherence using the Texas Medicaid prescription claims database. The study objectives were to: 1) provide a description of PDPN and OAD medication use among the study subjects; 2) determine if PDPN medication adherence differs among individual PDPN agents (i.e., tricyclic antidepressants, gabapentin, pregabalin and duloxetine); 3) determine if pre-index OAD and post-index OAD medication adherence differs among mono, dual, and triple OAD therapies; and 4) determine if PDPN medication adherence is related to post-index OAD medication adherence while controlling for covariates. Study participants were adult (≥18 years) Medicaid beneficiaries prescribed OAD and PDPN medications. The index date was the first PDPN prescription. Data were extracted from June 1, 2003 to October 31, 2009 and prescription claims were analyzed over an 18-month study period (i.e., 6 months pre-index and 12 months post index period). Medication possession ratio (MPR) was used as a proxy measure of medication adherence. An MPR less than 80 percent was regarded as being non-adherent to prescribed medication, while an MPR greater than or equal to 80 percent was regarded as being adherent to prescribed medication. Objective 1 was addressed using descriptive statistics (i.e., mean, standard deviation, frequency). Univariate analysis (ANOVA) was employed to address Objectives 2 and 3. Multivariate analyses (i.e., multiple linear regression and logistic regression) were conducted to address Objective 4. For the logistic regression MPR was dichotomized at the cut-off value of 80 percent. A total of 4,277 patients met the study’s inclusion criteria. The overall mean MPR (±SD) for PDPN medications was 75.4 percent (±23.9). Mean MPR (±SD) was highest for duloxetine (85.6% ±18.2) and was lowest for pregabalin (69.4% ±24.9). Mean MPR differed significantly among individual PDPN medications (p<0.0001). The overall mean MPR (±SD) for OAD medications in the pre and post-index period was 73.0 percent (±24.3) and 64.5 percent (±25.6) respectively. In both pre and post-index periods, mean MPR differed significantly among mono, dual, and triple OAD therapies (p<0.0001). In the pre-index period, mean MPR (±SD) was highest for monotherapy users (75.4% ±24.7) and was lowest for triple therapy users (63.9% ±22.9). Similarly, mean MPR (±SD) was highest for monotherapy users (69.0% ±26.1) and was lowest for triple therapy users (52.9% ±21.8) in the post-index period. After controlling for the covariates, PDPN adherence (i.e., MPR) was statistically significant (p<0.0001) and positively related to post-index OAD adherence (i.e., MPR). PDPN patients who were non-adherent (i.e., MPR<80%) to their PDPN medications (or neuropathic pain medications), compared to those who were adherent (MPR≥80%), were significantly less likely to be adherent to their OAD medications [Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.626, 95% CI=0.545-0.719]. In addition, post-index OAD adherence (i.e., MPR) did not differ significantly (p>0.05) when pregabalin, duloxetine and gabapentin users were individually compared to tricyclic antidepressants users. In conclusion, PDPN patients who were adherent (i.e., MPR≥80%) to their PDPN medications, compared to those who were not adherent (i.e., MPR<80%), were more adherent to their OAD medications. Also, adherence to OAD medications was independent of the type of PDPN medication used. PDPN patients need to be educated regularly that neuropathic pain medications only relieve the pain associated with the neuropathy but achieving adequate glycemic control remains the only established approach for slowing down the progression of the neuropathy and other complications associated with the diabetes. / text

Class of 2010 Abstract / OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the product information and pivotal studies of injectable medications to determine if a specific size descriptor was included and if information was provided for dosing patients with extremes of body weight (body mass index < 18.5 or > 40 kg/m2). METHODS: This is a descriptive study of medications that received an approved new drug application (NDA) by the FDA between 1 January 2004 and 30 January 2009. Any information related to size descriptors, or dosing of patients with extremes of weight, was extracted and evaluated with a dosing usefulness score that ranged from a low of 0 to a high of 3. A score of 2 or greater was considered at least minimally adequate for dosing patients with extremes of weight. RESULTS: Of the 84 medications evaluated, some reference to weight descriptors was found for 23 (27%). None of the medications had information that generated a usefulness score of 2 or greater. CONCLUSIONS: The product information and pivotal studies involving newly approved medications is inadequate for dosing patients with extremes of weight and further research is needed. The FDA should mandate that product information contain the size descriptor and extremes of body weight relative to age and height that were used to develop dosing recommendations.

Psychotropic medication use is widely implicated as a risk factor for injuries, and it is believed that the adverse effect profiles of these medications are exacerbated by the consumption of alcohol. The objectives of this study are (a) to examine the associations between the use of specific classes of psychotropic medications and injuries among elderly participants of the National Population Health Survey (NPHS), and (b) to determine whether and how associations between psychotropic medications and injuries are modified by the consumption of alcohol. Data from Cycles 1 (1994/95), 2 (1996/97), and 3 (1998/99) of the NPHS household longitudinal file were used in this study, selecting community-dwelling participants aged 65 years of age and older in 1994/95. Among antidepressant medications, the magnitude of the risk of injuries was higher for users of tricyclic derivatives (OR=1.4; 95%CI: 0.7 – 2.9) than SSRIs (OR=0.3; 95%CI: 0.1 – 1.0). Benzodiazepine use for any indication increased the risk of injuries, but that effect was not consistent across indications. The use of benzodiazepine antianxiety medications resulted in an increased risk of injuries (OR=2.0; 95%CI: 1.3 – 3.1), but there were no significant effects on the injury risk among benzodiazepine hypnotic and sedative users (OR=0.8; 95%CI: 0.4 – 1.7). Results pertaining to the second objective of this study raised as many questions as they resolved. Alcohol consumption decreased the odds of injury among hypnotic and sedative users, but otherwise, no consistent results were observed. Findings from this study underscore the importance of identifying appropriate alcohol measures for research among elderly populations. They also stress the need to separately consider the impact of different classes of psychotropic medications on injuries (tricyclic antidepressants separate from SSRI antidepressants and antianxiety benzodiazepines separate from hypnotic and sedative benzodiazepines).

Psychotropic medication use is widely implicated as a risk factor for injuries, and it is believed that the adverse effect profiles of these medications are exacerbated by the consumption of alcohol. The objectives of this study are (a) to examine the associations between the use of specific classes of psychotropic medications and injuries among elderly participants of the National Population Health Survey (NPHS), and (b) to determine whether and how associations between psychotropic medications and injuries are modified by the consumption of alcohol. Data from Cycles 1 (1994/95), 2 (1996/97), and 3 (1998/99) of the NPHS household longitudinal file were used in this study, selecting community-dwelling participants aged 65 years of age and older in 1994/95. Among antidepressant medications, the magnitude of the risk of injuries was higher for users of tricyclic derivatives (OR=1.4; 95%CI: 0.7 – 2.9) than SSRIs (OR=0.3; 95%CI: 0.1 – 1.0). Benzodiazepine use for any indication increased the risk of injuries, but that effect was not consistent across indications. The use of benzodiazepine antianxiety medications resulted in an increased risk of injuries (OR=2.0; 95%CI: 1.3 – 3.1), but there were no significant effects on the injury risk among benzodiazepine hypnotic and sedative users (OR=0.8; 95%CI: 0.4 – 1.7). Results pertaining to the second objective of this study raised as many questions as they resolved. Alcohol consumption decreased the odds of injury among hypnotic and sedative users, but otherwise, no consistent results were observed. Findings from this study underscore the importance of identifying appropriate alcohol measures for research among elderly populations. They also stress the need to separately consider the impact of different classes of psychotropic medications on injuries (tricyclic antidepressants separate from SSRI antidepressants and antianxiety benzodiazepines separate from hypnotic and sedative benzodiazepines).

Introduction: This dissertation seeks to identify novel, potentially modifiable risk factors that could be used to reduce the risk of prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Aim 1 investigates the effects of obesity and smoking on PCa progression, aim 2 studies the effects of specific medication use on PCa progression, and aim 3 identifies factors associated with faster PCa progression.Methods: Data from 140 subjects from the Watchful Waiting study followed every 3 months for up to 5 years were used. Multiple linear regressions were used to determine associations with baseline PSA. PSA velocity (rate of change of PSA over time) was used as a surrogate marker for PCa progression. Mixed effect models were used to assess the effect of obesity, smoking and medication use on PSA velocity(aim1 and 2). For aim 3, subjects were categorized as slow, intermediate and fast progressors based on tertiles of PSA velocity. In addition to the above variables, age, Gleason score, chromogranin-A, family history, selenium and free PSA were investigated as determinants of faster PCa progression using multiple logistic regressions. Analyses were run using two models, comparing slow progressors to fast progressors (model1) and slow progressors to a combination of fast and intermediate progressors (model2).Results: Aspirin use was negatively associated with baseline PSA (coefficient = -0.39 and 95% confidence interval (CI):-0.612, -0.158). Aspirin effect was statistically significant in never smokers (coefficient = -0.54, 95% CI: -0.916, -0.170) but not in ever smokers (coefficient = -0.22, 95% CI: -0.505, 0.065). Ever smoking was statistically significantly associated with higher PSA velocity compared to never smoking (coefficient = -0.001, 95% CI: 0.0002, 0.002). In aim 3, pack-years of smoking were positively associated whereas aspirin use was negatively associated with high PSA velocity in both models. Odds Ratio and 95% CI for smoking and aspirin use for model1 and 2 respectively; 1.03 (0.92, 1.13), 1.02 (1.00, 1.03), 0.24(0.06, 0.94) and 0.26(0.10, 0.68).Conclusions: Although more studies are needed before recommendations can be made, if these results are borne to be true in other studies these modifiable risk factors can be potentially be used in prevention of PCa progression.

With little research documenting elderly medication users’ beliefs and attitudes towards medication, the purpose of this study is to document how seniors experience medication use within the context of their daily lives. The study population was comprised of female and male seniors aged 65 and over who were recruited from the Parksville – Qualicum Beach and Nanaimo communities of eastern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The findings of this research suggest that for seniors, medication use is a complex and emotionally charged experience. It is an experience filled with contradictions, in which seniors are forced to negotiate between diverse realms of information concerning medications, from the directives they receive from health care professionals, to the signals they receive from their bodies. It is an experience in which powerful conceptions of medications as prolongers of life often trump an individual’s overwhelming desire to stop taking those medications. This research is intended to expand our understandings of the perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs that inform Canadian seniors’ medication use practices. Furthermore, findings from this thesis will contribute to a collaborative investigation of seniors’ experiences with medication designed to address the increasing number of adverse drug reactions experienced by the elderly. / Graduate

Introduction: Proportion of seniors in the world population is growing and substantial attention is given to population aging worldwide. Geriatric patients present very heterogenous group of patients with high interindividual differences. With increasing age number of chronic and degenerative disorders increases, drug consumption raises and consequently also polypharmacy. The more medications a senior consume, the higher probability of prescription of high-risk medications he/she has. With the aim to rationalize drug prescribing in geriatric patients, significant number of explicit criteria of medications/medication procedures potentially inappropriate in older age has been published. The aim of this diploma thesis was to evaluate prevalence of potentially inappropriate prescribing in geriatric population in studies published between 1991 and 2015 years and to further evaluate the most frequently prescribed potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in these studies. Methods: Detailed literature search has been conducted with the use of PubMed and Web of Science databases. Studies dealing with potentially inappropriate prescribing that have been published from 1st January 1991 to 31st December 2015 were included. Data from scientific articles were summarized in the first part of the diploma...

Magister Public Health - MPH / Background: South Africa has one of the most severe HIV epidemics globally, with an estimated 737,000 AIDS related deaths annually and over a million children rendered orphans due to AIDS in 2006. However in 2007, the South African government made a giant commitment to dealing effectively with the AIDS epidemic by implementing a National Strategic Plan (NSP), which had as one of its principal objectives the provision of antiretroviral medications to 80% of all people in need of the treatment by 2011. By the end of June 2011, the rollout of antiretroviral therapy continued to be successful with 1.4 million persons started on antiretroviral therapy and treatment initiation rates reaching 30, 000 per month. Patients have to subject to an uncompromising adherence of taking at least 95% of antiretroviral medication as prescribed, because poor adherence to ART leads to treatment failure, viral mutations and the development of drug resistance. Of major concern to ART programmes are the current obstacles that patients’ face in lieu of treatment. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the barriers to adherence to antiretroviral treatment among patients in a public ART programme in Vredenburg, Western Cape. Methodology: An explorative qualitative study was conducted where data was collected through interviews with 18 patients receiving treatment from the Vredenburg hospital. Data was audio-tape recorded, transcribed in full and thematic content analysis done. Results: The study identified awareness of HIV status, disclosure, unemployment, lack of transport,insufficient feeding, disability grants, alcohol and alternative forms of therapy as well as stigma as major barriers to adherence. Whereas inadequate follow ups, recklessness in the way patients’ HIV results were handled, long waiting times and the fear of picking up other types of infections from other patients in the OPD also came under major criticisms from patients. Finally, the sharing of experiences at clinic visits, good healthcare provider’s patient relationships, believing in the treatment, good treatment literacy, being a parent and having children to take care of, the use of pill boxes, social and spiritual support from family members and friends were identified as factors that positively influenced adherence. Conclusion: HIV/AIDS has been a stigmatized illness since its onset in the early 1980s and, these results highlight that such stigma has yet to dissipate in Vredenburg. Therefore, stigma and disclosure must remain at the forefront of the ART programme implementation in Vredenburg; while long term projects that can support ART users economically should be created through partnerships with non-governmental organizations and the government of South Africa to optimize adherence in the community.

Class of 2011 Absrtact / OBJECTIVES: To describe a pharmacy technician and student intern-driven medication reconciliation process and to evaluate medical provider acceptance of recommendations to reorder critical medications. METHODS: Patients admitted to Northwest Medical Center had medication histories taken on admission. A specially trained pharmacy technician or student intern reviewed these histories, with emphasis placed on critical medications as defined by the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Recommendations to re-order these critical medications were made to medical providers. All patients, excluding those under 18 years of age or current enrollment in the prison system, admitted during the months of May-June 2010 were reviewed for acceptance of critical medication recommendations through information recorded in the pharmacy electronic medical record system. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-eight (178) recommendations were made on 132 patients requiring recommendations. All medical providers accepted 102 (57%, p-value=0.008) of the recommendations made. Hospitalists were more likely than physician specialists or surgeons to accept recommendations made (62.5%, p-value<0.001). Recommendations made regarding thyroid products were accepted the greatest majority of the time (82.1%, p-value<0.001); antidepressants (54.8%, p-value=0.321), anticonvulsants (63.2%, p-value=0.194), and medications classified as other (55.6%, p-value=0.480) were also accepted a majority of the time. Vitamin K antagonists did not have recommendations accepted a majority of the time (31.8%, p-value=0.034). CONCLUSION: Medical providers accepted a majority of recommendations to reorder critical medications made by pharmacy technicians or student interns.

Class of 2017 Abstract / Objectives: Our working hypothesis is that patients who opt in to pharmacist counseling will have a higher medication possession ratio and longer length on therapy than patients who opt out of pharmacist counseling. Methods: Using data extracted from patient’s charts we retrospectively calculated medication possession ratio and length on therapy in relation to the patient receiving or not receiving counseling. Results: The patients analyzed were receiving 8 specific oral oncolytic medications provided by Avella Specialty Pharmacy in 2015. There were no significant differences found in MPR values for any of the 8 oral oncolytic medications included in the study. Iressa (p=0.826), Lonsurf (p=0.392), Stivarga (p=0.838), Zydelig (p=0.633), Zykadia (p=0.077), Tagrisso (p=0.060), Imbruvica (p=0.263) and Tarceva (p=0.326). No statistically significant differences were found in LOT values for any of the 8 oral oncolytic medications included in the study. Iressa (p=0.885), Lonsurf (p=0.868), Stivarga (p=0.326), Zydelig (p=0.502), Zykadia (p=0.212), Tagrisso (p=0.089), Imbruvica (p=0.540), Tarceva (p=0.129). Conclusions: Pharmacist counseling does not appear to affect MPR or LOT for patients taking oral oncolytic medications. Further research is warranted targeting other chronic disease states with complex oral regimens where medication adherence has not already been established from prior therapy options and adequate disease state knowledge.