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Depression is one of the most important psychiatric disorders. It does not only affect the patients themselves but also influences their family members, friends, and society as a whole. The primary purpose of this paper is to discuss the general characteristics of depression in terms of the explanations provided by four major theoretical approaches. First, the biological approach considers the contributions to depression arising from distinct neural systems and their associated neurotransmitters. Second, the behavioral approach emphasizes learning processes, such as reinforcement and helplessness as causal to depressive behaviors. Third, the cognitive approach focuses on the causal role of distinctive patterns of cognition possessed by depressed patients. Finally, the sociological perspective considers the contributions arising from general forces within society, such as unemployment, social status, sex, and age. All of these approaches are very useful for understanding depression. However, depression is too complex to be fully explained by a single theory or two. It is necessary to integrate all the different approaches to understand and treat the illness in a better way. / Graduation date: 1996

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University, 1912. / "Reprinted from American journal of psychology, vol. XXVI, January, 1915."

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1918. / Vita. Published also as Columbia university contributions to philosophy and psychology, vol. XXVI, no. 2 (Archives of psychology, no. 41).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1914.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Clark University, 1910. / Bibliography: p. 469-483.

Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 63-71).

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