Submitted by Ana Paula Ribeiro Povinelli (paulinha-pol@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-26T19:45:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Ana_FINAL.pdf: 3540005 bytes, checksum: d82bc4d015af48c2fda01a4eff17975f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-07-26T20:13:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 povinelli_apr_me_sjrp.pdf: 3540005 bytes, checksum: d82bc4d015af48c2fda01a4eff17975f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-26T20:13:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 povinelli_apr_me_sjrp.pdf: 3540005 bytes, checksum: d82bc4d015af48c2fda01a4eff17975f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A substituição da fonte de calor convencional por fontes de radiação de micro-ondas vem sendo bastante explorada na área de síntese de sólidos inorgânicos devido ao seu eficaz mecanismo de entrega de energia que proporciona rapidez no processo de síntese além de gerar materiais com maior pureza de fase. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho visou a otimização das sínteses das zeólitas NaA e NaX utilizando radiação de micro-ondas e a caracterização utilizando as técnicas de DRX (Difração de Raios-X), MEV (Microscopia eletrônica de varredura) e EDS (Energy-dispersive X-Ray Spectrocopy). As zeólitas foram sintetizadas e caracterizadas visando a posterior aplicação como agentes hemostáticos coagulantes. Os experimentos mostraram que a zeólita NaA obtida utilizando radiação de micro-ondas durante 30 minutos possui as mesmas características da zeólita NaA sintetizada utilizando aquecimento convencional por 48 horas, indicando que com a utilização da radiação foi possível alcançar uma redução de 98,96% no tempo de síntese. A aplicação de aquecimento de micro-ondas na síntese da zeólita NaX também provou decréscimo no tempo de síntese quando comparado ao aquecimento convencional, entretanto os dados de microscopia eletrônica revelaram que a zeólita sintetizada pelo aquecimento de micro-ondas estavam aglomeradas. A fim de tornar o coloide mais estável, foi feita a estabilização estérica dessas zeólitas através da esterificação dos grupos silanóis presentes na superfície das mesmas utilizando 1-propanol e 1-butanol. Os dados MEV mostraram que a modificação foi eficiente e que a dispersão foi estabilizada após o tratamento. Em relação ao potencial das zeólitas como agentes hemostáticos coagulantes, os dados de tromboelastografia mostraram que as zeólitas NaA e NaX provocaram diminuição no tempo necessário para a formação e crescimento do coágulo porém, dentre todas as zeólitas avaliadas, a zeólita NaX sintetizada por aquecimento convencional se destacou como agente hemostático apresentando uma redução de 6 minutos no tempo de formação do coágulo. / Conventional heat source has been substituted by microwave heat source in many chemical reactions including inorganic solids syntheses, since the microwave heat source can accelerate the energy delivery. Because of that, it is possible to obtain syntheses in a shorter time and materials obtained have a higher purity phases. Zeolites were synthesized and characterized aiming to zeolites hemostatic agents application. In this context, this work aimed to synthesize NaA and NaX zeolites employing microwave radiation and to characterize materials obtained using XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), SEM(Scanning Electron Microscopy) and EDS (Energy-dispersive X-Ray Spectrocopy) techniques. NaA zeolite obtained by microwave radiation after 30 minutes showed the same characteristics of NaA zeolite obtained by conventional heat after 48 hours. In other words, the substitution of the heat source reduced 98,96% the synthesis time. Related to NaX zeolite, microwave radiation also reduced the synthesis time, however SEM and EDS data showed some differences between NaX obtained by conventional and NaX obtained by microwave heating. It was also observed by SEM that the colloidal system of NaX obtained by microwave radiation has agglomerated. In order to stabilize sterically the colloid, NaX surface was functionalized by silanols groups esterification using 1-propanol and 1-butanol alcohols. SEM data showed that steric stabilization was successful. Regarding the potential of the zeolites as hemostatic coagulating agents, thromboelastography data showed that NaA and NaX zeolites caused decrease in time required for clot formation and growth. However, among all the zeolites evaluated, NaX zeolite synthesized by conventional heating had better results as a hemostatic agent showing a reduction of 6 minutes in clot formation time. / CNPq: 135582/2015-6

[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o método das linhas aplicado ao estudo das características de propagação em estruturas planares. Na sua aplicação, discretiza-se variáveis especiais em um conjunto de linhas perpendiculares as fitas. Conseqüentemente, equações diferenciais parciais são reduzidas a equações diferenciais ordinárias com soluções bem conhecidas. Apesar da aplicação de diferenças finitas, o Método das Linhas é mais eficiente em termos de velocidade computacional e uso de memória, quando comparado com método de diferenças finitas usual. Algumas estruturas planares em guias retangulares com três camadas dielétricas foram analisadas e os resultados comparados com outros métodos. Nos apêndices mostra-se como é possível implementar programas com discretização não uniforme, o que aumenta a eficiência do método, bem como a discretização em duas direções, o que permite análise de ressoadores de microondas. Este trabalho pretende servir como auxilio básico, podendo ser útil em outros trabalhos empregando o Método das Linhas. / [en] In this work, the Method of Lines applied to the study of the propagation caracteristics of planar structures is presented. In this method, the spacial variables are discretized in several lines orientated in a direction normal to the conductor strips. Then, the partial differential equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations having well known solutions. Although this method uses finite differences, it is much more efficient with respect to computer speed and memory necessary, in comparison to the conventional finite difference method. A few planar structures with three dieletric layers, inside rectangular waveguides were analysed, and the results are compared with those using other reported methods. In the appendix, it is shown how to develop computer programs using non-uniform discretization for the improvement of the efficiency of this method. Also, the discretization in two directions is presented, which is adequate for analysis of microwave resonators. This work is intended as a basic approach to hel in further analysis using the Method of Lines.

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Anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge can be improved if hydrolysis of particulate substrates is enhanced and available substrate is made more accessible by both breakup of the sludge matrix floc and rupture of the cell wall. Microwave (MW) pretreatment was suggested and studied as a way to improve digestion efficiency. The work done focuses on the effects of MW pretreatment on the characteristics of the sludge, due to thermal and athermal effects. It also evaluates the effects some process variables in the activated sludge process have on the pretreatment efficiency as well as the effect operating conditions in the downstream anaerobic digestion process have on the biodegradability efficiency of those sludges. Effects of athermal and thermal MW radiation were measured by use of a customized MW oven capable of providing MW radiation with uncoupled thermal and athermal effects. Athermal radiation was capable of increasing substrate present in the soluble phase of sludge, and had a positive effect in the digestion of athermal samples. The increases in biogas production and substrate solubilisation were smaller in magnitude than the increases measured for MW thermal tests. Further refining of the tests with athermal and thermal sludge, involved separation by size class of the solubilized substrate by means of ultrafiltration (UF), and revealed that changes in particle size distribution were significant not only for MW thermal tests, but also for athermal tests, with a particular emphasis in proteins in athermal tests. These changes had an effect on the biodegradability of the sludges by class size, with thermally pretreated sludge producing more biogas for smaller particles size classes but also exhibiting more inhibition. Tests were made with several combinations of sludge with different ages and subject to different MW pretreatment temperatures. The work showed that sludge age or solids retention time (SRT) has a significant effect on the pretreatment efficiency with maximum biogas improvements measured at different MW pretreatment temperatures depending on the SRT of the sludge tested, and with different behaviour for mesophilic and thermophilic digestion. Mesophilic tests showed greater improvements in terms of digestion effiency on average, but thermophilic tests showed more uniform performance, with a higher baseline efficiency. The presence of an optimum of MW pretreatment temperature and sludge SRT for maximal biogas production is more defined for mesophilic conditions than for thermophilic conditions. Semi-continuous studies were conducted with several combinations of single and two stage mesophilic and thermophilic digestors treating MW pretreated sludge and non-pretreated sludge. Staging and thermophilic digestion allowed the maintenance of a stable digestion process with high biogas productions and high solids removal efficiencies with production of sludge with good bacteriological characteristics for an very low residence time (5 d).

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This project had its primary focus on running a campaign to recruit healthy volunteers for a test study involving the utilization of a microwave sensor and ultrasound measurements. The key system used was the Muscle Analyzer System (MAS), which consisted of the Bandstop Filter Sensor (BFS), a microwave sensor transmitting microwaves into the selected medium through transmission and a FieldFox Vector Network Analyzer which was used to transmit these microwaves. The second system utilized in the project was ultrasound imaging, which enabled the measurement of the size of the Rectus Femoris muscle in the thigh and the thickness of the fat and skin layers on the volunteer. This information served as a basis for interpreting the resonant frequency obtained from the MAS system. The goal was to compare these results to assess the muscle quality of the volunteers. A total of nine volunteers participated in the study, with data from four volunteers being suitable for follow- up data analysis and further research. The primary method used to obtain these results involved collecting measurements from the volunteers and comparing them with results from previous measurements conducted on sick patients in Maastricht. The resonant frequency observed for the volunteers in Uppsala was approximately 2.15 GHz, with the fat layer ranging from 5 to 18 mm in thickness, the skin layer measuring 2 mm thick, and the Rectus Femoris muscle having an area of 4 to 8 cm2. When these measurements were compared with the measurements from Maastricht on sick patients, a significant difference was observed. The patients' measurements showed values of approximately 1.98 GHz, even though there wasn't a substantial difference in the muscle and fat layer areas. In order to draw meaningful conclusions however, it would be necessary to conduct measurements using the same Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) for both healthy volunteers and sick patients with sarcopenia.

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This thesis deals with the reflective properties of selected aerosols subjected to microwave radiation. The backscatter cross section of a sphere is developed analytically as a basis for experimental verification. The most pertinent material parameters necessary for maximum reflectivity are discussed and are used to justify the aerosols selected for the experiment. The experimental procedures and the equipment calibration techniques are prefaced by a discussion of the design and the construction of the aerosol chamber and the microwave source apparatus. The experimental results and the calculated backscatter cross section of the aerosols listed are examined. Conclusions are discussed and applications of the results are offered for consideration.

The freeze-drying process has been plagued with problems, such as long drying times and inefficiency. Microwave freeze-drying has proven its potential as way of reducing long drying times associated with freeze-drying, and as a result, there has been a considerable amount of work done to increase its use in industrial applications. However, it is not widely utilized for drying of pharmaceuticals, which appear to be better suited to microwave freeze-drying than foods. This paper discusses the results of applying microwave freeze-drying to an aqueous solution, as well as how various freezing rates affect freeze-drying characteristics. Results show that microwave freeze-drying can greatly reduce the time required to freeze-dry an aqueous solution while maintaining a high product quality. The investigation into the effects of different freezing conditions shows that different physical characteristics in the dried product can be achieved through varying the freezing rate. / Master of Science