Theory and simulation results have demonstrated that four, variable speed flywheels could potentially provide the energy storage and attitude control functions of existing batteries and control moment gyros (CMGs) on a satellite. Past modeling and control algorithms were based on the assumption of rigidity in the flywheel’s bearings and the satellite structure. This dissertation provides simulation results and theory which eliminates this assumption utilizing control algorithms for active vibration control (AVC), flywheel shaft levitation and integrated power transfer and attitude control (IPAC) that are effective even with low stiffness active magnetic bearings (AMB), and flexible satellite appendages. The flywheel AVC and levitation tasks are provided by a multi input multi output (MIMO) control law that enhances stability by reducing the dependence of the forward and backward gyroscopic poles with changes in flywheel speed. The control law is shown to be effective even for (1) Large polar to transverse inertia ratios which increases the stored energy density while causing the poles to become more speed dependent and, (2) Low bandwidth controllers shaped to suppress high frequency noise. These two main tasks could be successfully achieved by MIMO (Gyroscopic) control algorithm, which is unique approach. The vibration control mass (VCM) is designed to reduce the vibrations of flexible appendages of the satellite. During IPAC maneuver, the oscillation of flywheel spin speeds, torque motions and satellite appendages are significantly reduced compared without VCM. Several different properties are demonstrated to obtain optimal VCM. Notch, band-pass and low-pass filters are implemented in the AMB system to reduce and cancel high frequency, dynamic bearing forces and motor torques due to flywheel mass imbalance. The transmitted forces and torques to satellite are considerably decreased in the present of both notch and band-pass filter stages. Successful IPAC simulation results are presented with a 12 [%] of initial attitude error, large polar to transverse inertia ratio (IP / IT), structural flexibility and unbalance mass disturbance. Two variable speed control moment gyros (VSCMGs) are utilized to demonstrate simultaneous attitude control and power transfer instead of using four standard pyramid configurations. Launching weights including payload and costs can be significantly reduced.

Considered in this thesis is multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems with non-minimum phase (NMP) zeros and unstable poles where some of the unstable poles are located to the right of the NMP zeros. In the single-input single-output (SISO) case such systems pose serious difficulties in controller synthesis for performance and stability. In spite of the added degrees of freedom the MIMO case also poses difficulties as has been shown in the stabilization of the X-29 aircraft. When using the MIMO QFT technique the synthesis starts by considering a set of equivalent SISO plants derived from the plant transfer function matrix that are used to develop a controller. In effect the design problem is reduced to several MISO designs with the diagonal entries of as the equivalent SISO plants. Developed is a transformation scheme that can be used to condition the resulting equivalent SISO plants so that the difficult problem of NMP zeros lying to the left of unstable poles is avoided. Examples illustrate the use of the proposed transformation.

Considered in this thesis is multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems with non-minimum phase (NMP) zeros and unstable poles where some of the unstable poles are located to the right of the NMP zeros. In the single-input single-output (SISO) case such systems pose serious difficulties in controller synthesis for performance and stability. In spite of the added degrees of freedom the MIMO case also poses difficulties as has been shown in the stabilization of the X-29 aircraft. When using the MIMO QFT technique the synthesis starts by considering a set of equivalent SISO plants derived from the plant transfer function matrix that are used to develop a controller. In effect the design problem is reduced to several MISO designs with the diagonal entries of as the equivalent SISO plants. Developed is a transformation scheme that can be used to condition the resulting equivalent SISO plants so that the difficult problem of NMP zeros lying to the left of unstable poles is avoided. Examples illustrate the use of the proposed transformation.

Thesis(M.S.)--Auburn University, 2006. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references (p.51-53).

This thesis investigates the concept of controlling a CubeSat constellation in low-Earth orbit. Low-Earth orbits are considered because the torque used for satellite control is supplied with magnetorquers, and the closer the satellite is to Earth’s magnetic field the more control gain can be supplied. Also, this is the expected orbit altitude of future CubeSat constellations to enable communications. Controlling a CubeSat relies on attitude determination. This means being able to estimate its attitude relative to a given reference frame. To determine the attitude, we propose to use a star tracker and a Kalman filter. A star tracker scans the stars in the satellite’s view, correlates the object to a database, to return an attitude measurement. The measurement is then processed using the Kalman filter. The attitude estimate is then used as the reference input for the controller. Once the attitude of the satellites is determined, a controller can be implemented; assuming the system is controllable and observable. These parameters are verified by adding enough actuators and sensors, respectively. The novelty of this thesis is constructing a controller that will take three satellites and their attitude estimates and arrange them broadside to a target. For simplicity, the arrangement will be a linear formation, and the target and satellite constellation will all be near-field communication. The goal is to place the satellite constellation in an attitude for an intersatellite link to be established. This is a proposed solution to better budget power and computational constraints associated with CubeSats. In addition to adjusting the topology of the system, a communication method must be considered for the data to be distributed across the system requiring an antenna design to implement the communication method. Both issues are discussed in the thesis; however, the focus is the controller design for attitude control. The control approach is a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) sliding fuzzy controller. The focus of the analysis is attitude control for communication while maintaining the constellation in a linear formation. The results shown this controller to be a valid proof of concept.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Juan Pablo Julca Ávila / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica, 2016.

This master’s thesis examines how a small MIMO lighting system can be identified and controlled. Two approaches are examined and compared; the first approach is a dynamic model using state space representation, where the system identification technique is Recursive Least Square, RLS, and the controller is an LQG controller; the second approach is a static model derived from the physical properties of light and a feedback feed-forward controller consisting of a PI controller coupled with a Control Allocation, CA, technique. For the studied system, the CA-PI approach significantly outperforms the LQG-RLS approach, which leads to the conclusion that the system’s static properties are predominant compared to the dynamic properties.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-28T18:48:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Controle de Turbinas Eólicas_Eduardo_Menezes.pdf: 2248110 bytes, checksum: b04563e9c8a7cc3ae7a8af844c3aa9c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-28T18:48:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Controle de Turbinas Eólicas_Eduardo_Menezes.pdf: 2248110 bytes, checksum: b04563e9c8a7cc3ae7a8af844c3aa9c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / CNPQ / As turbinas eólicas são as máquinas responsáveis pela conversão de energia a partir de uma fonte primária profundamente irregular e variável, o vento. Para extrair energia do vento e transformá-la em energia elétrica de maneira eficiente e segura, os sistemas de controle são componentes essenciais das turbinas eólicas. Eles são responsáveis por regular velocidade e/ou potência e por reduzir as cargas mecânicas e as vibrações na estrutura. O crescente tamanho das atuais turbinas eólicas, que constituem estruturas de grande porte e cada vez mais flexíveis, faz com que a interação da dinâmica estrutural com os sistemas de controle se torne uma questão fundamental. O controle de pitch é utilizado para mitigar as cargas mecânicas e controlar a potência. Os sistemas de controle utilizados como padrão na indústria eólica são sistemas de uma entrada-uma saída (single-input, single-output, SISO). Sistemas avançados de múltiplas entradas e múltiplas saídas (multiple-input, multiple-output, MIMO) baseados no método de espaço de estados e no Controle por Acomodação de Distúrbios (DAC) podem melhorar a performance e resolver alguns problemas de instabilidade dinâmica que surgem com os sistemas de controle padrão. O uso de sistemas de controle avançados foi proposto e testado em trabalhos anteriores para uma turbina de médio porte, a CART-750kW, e bons resultados foram obtidos. No entanto, a mesma metodologia ainda não foi testada em turbinas de grande porte. Neste trabalho, a metodologia MIMO em espaço de estados é aplicada à turbina de grande porte NREL 5 MW, com o objetivo de controle estável de velocidade na Região 3 e de mitigação de cargas mecânicas através da adição de amortecimento ativo aos modos estruturais. Foram implantados e simulados os sistemas de controle padrão e avançados para esta turbina. Assim, é possível analisar a evolução da performance que os sistemas de controle avançados proporcionam em turbinas de grande porte e avaliar as diferenças entre as turbinas de médio porte (CART -750kW) e de grande porte (NREL 5 MW). / Wind turbines are the machines that extract energy from the wind, a primary source deeply irregular and variable. Control systems are essential for extracting wind energy and transforming it into electrical energy in a efficient and safe manner. They are responsible for regulating speed/power and reducing mechanical loads/vibrations on the structure. The increasing size of wind turbines, which are becoming large-scale and flexible structures, makes the interaction of control systems and structural dynamics a main concern. The pitch control is used to mitigate mechanical loads and to regulate power. The standard control systems used in the wind industry are single-input, single-output control systems (SISO). Advanced multipleinput, multiple-output systems (MIMO) using state-space techniques and Disturbance Accomodating Control (DAC) can improve performance and solve some problems of dynamic instability of standard control systems. The use of advanced control systems was proposed and tested in previous works for a medium-scale turbine, CART-750kW, and good results were obtained. However, the same methodology has not yet been tested in large-scale turbines. In this work, MIMO control systems are applied to the large-scale turbine NREL 5 MW, with the goal of stable speed control in Region 3 and mitigation of mechanical loads by adding active damping to the structural modes. Standard and advanced control systems were implemented and simulated. Thus, it is possible to analyze the evolution of performance provided by advanced control systems in large-scale turbines and evaluate the differences between mediumscale turbines (CART -750kW) and large-scale (NREL 5 MW).

<p>  </p> <p>The development of an increasingly interconnected infrastructure and its rapid evolution demands engineering testing solutions capable of investigating realistically and with high accuracy the interactions among the different components of the problem to study. The examination of any of these components without losing the interaction of the other surroundings components is not only realistic, but also desirable. The more interconnected the whole system is, the greater the dependencies. Real-time Hybrid Simulation (RTHS) is a disruptive technology that has the potential to address this type of complex interactions or internal couplings by partitioning the system into numerical (better understood) substructures and experimental (unknown) substructures, which are built physically in the laboratory. These two types of substructures are connected through a transfer system (e.g., hydraulic actuators) to enforce boundary conditions in their common interfaces creating a synchronized cyber-physical system. However, despite the RTHS community has been improving these hybrid techniques, there are still important barriers in their core methodologies. Current control approaches developed for RTHS were validated mainly for linear applications with limited capabilities to deal with high uncertainties, hard nonlinearities, or extensive damage of structural elements due to plasticity. Furthermore, capturing the realistic dynamics of a structural system requires the description of the motion using more than one degree of freedom, which increases the number of hydraulic actuators needed to enforce additional degrees of freedom at boundary condition interface. As these requirements escalate for larger or more complex problems, the computational cost can turn into a prohibitive constraint. </p> <p>In this dissertation, the main research goal is to develop and validate a nonlinear controller with capabilities to control highly uncertain nonlinear physical substructures with complex boundary conditions and its parallel computational implementation for accurate and realistic RTHS. The validation of the proposed control system is achieved through a set of real-time tracking control and RTHS experiments that explore robustness, accuracy performance, and their trade-off </p>

With the transition towards renewable energy, and the deregulation of the electricity market, generation patterns and grid topology are changing. These changes increase the need for transfer capacity. One limiting factor, which sometimes leads to underutilization of the transmission grid, is interarea oscillations. These system-wide modes involve groups of generators oscillating relative to each other and are sometimes hard to control due to their scale and complexity. In this thesis we investigate how high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission can be used to attenuate interarea oscillations. The thesis has two main contributions. In the first contribution we show how the stability of two asynchronous grids can be improved by modulating the active power of a single interconnecting HVDC link. One concern with modulating HVDC active power is that the interaction between interarea modes of the two grids may have a negative impact on system stability. By studying the controllability Gramian, we show that it is always possible to improve the damping in both grids as long as the frequencies of their interarea modes are not too close. For simplified models, it is explicitly shown how the controllability, and therefore the achievable damping improvements, deteriorates as the frequency difference becomes small. The second contribution of the thesis is to show how coordinated control of two (or more) links can be used to avoid interaction between troublesome interarea modes. We investigate the performance of some multivariable control designs. In particular we look at input usage as well as robustness to measurement, communication, and actuator failures. Suitable controllers are thereby characterized. / Övergången till förnybar energi och avregleringen av elmarknaden leder till förändrade produktions-och överföringsmönster. Dessa förändringar medför behov av en ökad överföringskapacitet. En begränsande faktor, som kan leda till ett underutnyttjande av stamnätet, är interareapendlingar. Dessa systemövergripande pendlingar involverar grupper av generatorer som svänger i förhållande till varandra. Interareapendlingar är ibland svåra att styra på grund av deras skala och komplexitet. I denna avhandling undersöker vi hur förbindelser med högspänd likström, engleska high-voltage direct current (HVDC), kan användas för att dämpa interareapendlingar. Avhandlingen har två huvudbidrag. I det första bidraget visar vi hur stabiliteten hos två olika synkrona nät kan förbättras genom att modulera den aktiva effekten hos en enda HVDC-länk. Ett bekymmer med aktiv effektmodulering är att växelverkan mellan interareapendlingar hos de två näten kan ha en negativ inverkan på systemets stabilitet. Genom att studera styrbarhetsgramianen visar vi att det alltid är möjligt att förbättra dämpningen i båda näten så länge som frekvenserna hos deras interareapendlingar inte ligger för nära varandra. För förenklade modeller visas det uttryckligen hur styrbarheten och därmed de möjliga dämpningsförbättringarna, försämras då frekvensskillnaden blir liten. Avhandlings andra bidrag visar hur koordinerad styrning av två (eller fler) länkar kan användas för att undvika växelverkan mellan besvärliga interareapendlingar. Vi undersöker prestandan hos olika typer av flervariabla regulatorer. I synnerhet undersökers styrsignalsanvändning samt robusthet mot mät-, kommunikations- och aktuatorfel. Därigenom karakteriseras lämpliga regulatortyper. / <p>QC 20190308</p>