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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Estudo da influência de macro-rugosidades do leito de um canal hidráulico sobre o coeficiente de reoxigenação superficial / Study about the influence of macro-roughness in a bed of a hydraulic channel on the reoxygenation superficial coefficient

Costa, Daniel Jadyr Leite 23 March 2011 (has links)
O parâmetro que determina o processo de transferência de oxigênio através da interface ar-água em escoamentos com superficie livre é o coeficiente de reaeração superficial, \'K IND.2\'. Existe um grande número de equações na literatura científica que realizam a previsão do coeficiente de reaeração, no entanto, a maioria dessas equações considera apenas algumas características hidráulicas do corpo de água como a velocidade e a profundidade, e ainda, como em sua maioria são de natureza empírica, acabam sendo adequadas para corpos de água específicos. Além destes dois parâmetros (velocidade e profundidade do escoamento), existem outros doze que são considerados importantes para estudos de reoxigenação em águas superficiais. É neste contexto que o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar em condições de laboratório a influência da rugosidade do leito de um canal sobre o coeficiente de reaeração superficial. Além da rugosidade, foram variadas as condições de velocidade média do escoamento e profundidade da lâmina de água. A variação da rugosidade foi realizada através da implementação de obstáculos com geometria conhecida, dispostos transversalmente ao escoamento, e denominados como macro-rugosidades. Os resultados demonstraram evidências de que o coeficiente de reaeração superficial é controlado de forma significativa pela rugosidade do leito do canal. Foram desenvolvidos dois modelos matemáticos de natureza semi-empírica para a previsão do \'K IND.2\', os quais incorporam variáveis hidrodinâmicas e geométricas consideradas relevantes para o processo de transferência de massa na interface ar-água. / The parameter that determines the process of oxygen transfer through the air-water interface in flows with free surface is the superficial reaeration coefficient, \'K IND.2\'. There are a large quantity of equations in the cientific literature that perform the prevision of the reaeration coefficient; however, most of them consider only some of the hydraulic characteristics of water body; for example, the velocity and the depth. Most of these equations have empirical origin and are adequate just for a specific water body. In addition to these two parameters (velocity and depth of flow), there are another twelve important parameters in reoxygenation studies in superficial waters. In this context, the aim of this work was to study the influence of bed roughness of a channel on the superficial reaeration coefficient, under laboratory conditions. Besides the roughness, the conditions of mean velocity of the flow and depth of water were varied. The variation of roughness was done with implementation of obstacles with known geometry, arranged transversely to the flow direction, and called macro-roughness. The results have shown evidences that the surface reaeration coefficient is controlled significantly by the roughness of the channel bed. Two mathematical models of semi-empirical origin for the \'K IND.2\' prevision were developed, which incorporate hydrodynamic and geometric variables considered relevant in the process of mass transfer in air-water interface.
2

Estudo da influência de macro-rugosidades do leito de um canal hidráulico sobre o coeficiente de reoxigenação superficial / Study about the influence of macro-roughness in a bed of a hydraulic channel on the reoxygenation superficial coefficient

Daniel Jadyr Leite Costa 23 March 2011 (has links)
O parâmetro que determina o processo de transferência de oxigênio através da interface ar-água em escoamentos com superficie livre é o coeficiente de reaeração superficial, \'K IND.2\'. Existe um grande número de equações na literatura científica que realizam a previsão do coeficiente de reaeração, no entanto, a maioria dessas equações considera apenas algumas características hidráulicas do corpo de água como a velocidade e a profundidade, e ainda, como em sua maioria são de natureza empírica, acabam sendo adequadas para corpos de água específicos. Além destes dois parâmetros (velocidade e profundidade do escoamento), existem outros doze que são considerados importantes para estudos de reoxigenação em águas superficiais. É neste contexto que o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar em condições de laboratório a influência da rugosidade do leito de um canal sobre o coeficiente de reaeração superficial. Além da rugosidade, foram variadas as condições de velocidade média do escoamento e profundidade da lâmina de água. A variação da rugosidade foi realizada através da implementação de obstáculos com geometria conhecida, dispostos transversalmente ao escoamento, e denominados como macro-rugosidades. Os resultados demonstraram evidências de que o coeficiente de reaeração superficial é controlado de forma significativa pela rugosidade do leito do canal. Foram desenvolvidos dois modelos matemáticos de natureza semi-empírica para a previsão do \'K IND.2\', os quais incorporam variáveis hidrodinâmicas e geométricas consideradas relevantes para o processo de transferência de massa na interface ar-água. / The parameter that determines the process of oxygen transfer through the air-water interface in flows with free surface is the superficial reaeration coefficient, \'K IND.2\'. There are a large quantity of equations in the cientific literature that perform the prevision of the reaeration coefficient; however, most of them consider only some of the hydraulic characteristics of water body; for example, the velocity and the depth. Most of these equations have empirical origin and are adequate just for a specific water body. In addition to these two parameters (velocity and depth of flow), there are another twelve important parameters in reoxygenation studies in superficial waters. In this context, the aim of this work was to study the influence of bed roughness of a channel on the superficial reaeration coefficient, under laboratory conditions. Besides the roughness, the conditions of mean velocity of the flow and depth of water were varied. The variation of roughness was done with implementation of obstacles with known geometry, arranged transversely to the flow direction, and called macro-roughness. The results have shown evidences that the surface reaeration coefficient is controlled significantly by the roughness of the channel bed. Two mathematical models of semi-empirical origin for the \'K IND.2\' prevision were developed, which incorporate hydrodynamic and geometric variables considered relevant in the process of mass transfer in air-water interface.
3

Métrologie et modélisation des écoulements à forte pente autour d'obstacles : application au dimensionnement des passes naturelles / Metrology and modeling of large slope flow around obstacles : application to the dimensioning of natural passes

Tran, Dung Tien 11 December 2015 (has links)
Cette thèse est une partie du projet ONEMA pour le dimensionnement des passes à poissons et pour l’amélioration de la continuité écologique des cours d’eau. Ce travail s’est concentré sur les passes à poissons naturelles qui présentent des avantages de coût et paysager. Il s’agit d’un écoulement à forte pente autour des blocs (macro-rugosités) régulièrement repartis en quinconce avec des grands nombres de Froude. Les conditions hydrodynamiques sont alors très diverses, et peuvent être franchissables par un nombre élargi d’espèces de poisson. Ce mémoire présente les travaux réalisés à l’Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT). Afin d’étudier l’écoulement dans ces passes, on va mener des expériences sur des canaux réduits ainsi que des simulations numériques à l’aide du modèle Telemac 2D. L’objectif est de mieux connaître la structure de l’écoulement en fonction des conditions hydrauliques et géométriques comme le nombre, la forme et la taille des macro-rugosités. Plus particulièrement, la compréhension de l’interaction de phénomènes physiques généralement étudiés séparément, tels que le passage en régime torrentiel, l’interaction de sillage ou l’écoulement autour de macro-rugosités, a été recherchée. Des relations hauteur-débit ont été établies permettant une aider au dimensionnement des passes naturelles. Elles fournissent des critères de franchissement comme les vitesses maximales, la puissance dissipée ou la hauteur d’eau minimale. Pour atteindre une description plus locale de l’écoulement, des mesures de Vélocimétrie Acoustiques Doppler ont été conduites. Elles ont aussi permis de définir la plage de validité du modèle numérique 2D (Telemac). Ce modèle a alors était utilisé pour extrapoler les critères de franchissement pour des configurations non testées expérimentalement. Finalement, les connaissances sur l’écoulement ont été synthétisées pour définir des préconisations générales de dimensionnement. La précision des relations établies en laboratoire a pu aussi être vérifiée sur des passes réelles. L’hydrodynamique de ces passes est maintenant suffisamment connue pour savoir si un poisson peut remonter le courant et se reposer. Il restera à s’assurer que leur attractivité soit bonne et que des phénomènes liés aux échelles de longueurs de la turbulence ne présentent un obstacle au franchissement. / This thesis is supported by an ONEMA project for the design of fishways and improve ecological continuity of rivers. This work focused on nature-like fish passes that have cost and landscaped appearance advantages. There is a steep flow around the blocks (macro-roughness) regularly distributed in a staggered configuration with large Froude numbers. The hydrodynamic conditions are sufficiently different to be passable by an expanded number of fish species. This thesis presents the work carried out at the Institute of Fluid Mechanics of Toulouse (IMFT). To study the flow in these passes, experiments are conducted on physical models and numerical simulations using the Telemac 2D model. The goal is to better understand the flow structure based on hydraulic and geometric conditions such as the number, shape and size of macro-roughness. In particular, we considered the interaction of physical phenomena usually studied separately such that the passage in supercritical regime, the interaction of wake or flow around macro-roughness. The stage-discharge relationships were established to assist in the design of nature-like passes. They provide criteria useful for passability such as maximum speeds, power dissipation or minimal water height. To reach a local description of the flow measurements with an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter were conducted. They also helped to define the valid range of the 2D model. This model was then used to extrapolate passability criteria for untested experimental configurations. Finally, the knowledge on flow has been synthesized to define general recommendations sizing. It has also been able to verify on real scale passes, the accuracy of the relations established in the laboratory. The hydrodynamics of these passes is now sufficiently described to know if a fish can swim upstream and rest. It will remain to ensure that their attractiveness is good and that phenomena related to the turbulence length scales do not present an obstacle to the fish passage.
4

Transport sédimentaire sur rugosités immobiles : de l'hydrodynamique locale à la morphodynamique / Transport of sediment over coarse roughness elements : from local hydrodynamics to morphodynamics

Raus, David 19 June 2018 (has links)
Cette étude, en partenariat avec l'AFB (Agence Française pour la Biodiversité), a pour objectif de comprendre le devenir des sédiments qui ont été bloqués dans des barrages hydrauliques. Lors des « chasses » (lâchers massifs d’eau) réalisées pour assurer la continuité écologique des cours d'eau avec retenues, une certaine quantité de sédiments est relarguée en aval de la retenue, cessédiments sont ensuite transportés sur un fond de rugosités immobiles à différentes échelles(gravier, galets, rochers). L'objectif de cette thèse est donc d'étudier comment la présence de grains grossiers et immobiles peut avoir un effet sur les différentes échelles du transport de sédiment. Au travers de trois études expérimentales en canaux hydrauliques à surface libre, dans lesquelles les grains grossiers immobiles sont modélisés par une canopée d'hémisphères régulièrement espacés, différents impacts de la présence des rugosités immobiles sont mis en exergue. Une étude préliminaire a tout d'abord pour objectif de comprendre comment l'apparition d'une rugosité isolée dans du sédiment a pour effet de modifier les conditions d’hydrodynamique locale à l’amont de cette rugosité, en particulier par la mise en place d'un système de tourbillon(tourbillon en fer à cheval) pouvant accentuer le taux d'érosion locale. Ce tourbillon, très documenté pour des rugosités à géométrie simple, demeure très peu étudié dans le cas d'obstacle aux parois courbées de type grains de rivière. Cette étude montre alors que les dimensions et l'intensité du tourbillon en fer à cheval sont plus faibles dans le cas d'un obstacle aux parois inclinées et courbées que dans le cas d'un obstacle aux parois normales au fond, cephénomène étant expliqué par la facilité du fluide à contourner et l'obstacle, et donc la diminution du gradient de pression adverse à l'amont de l'obstacle, responsable du décollement de la couche limite incidente et de la formation du tourbillon en fer à cheval. Dans une seconde étude,l'hydrodynamique locale proche de sédiment placé dans un patch d'hémisphères est mesuré, pour différents niveaux de découvrement du patch et pour du sédiment collé au fond du canal. Il apparaît qu'en fonction du découvrement ($P = k/R$ avec $k$ la hauteur découverte d'une rugosité et $R$ sa hauteur totale), de forte variations locales de contrainte et de niveaux de turbulence au fond se mettent en place, le sédiment étant soumis à des sur-contraintesimportantes à l'arrière des rugosités pour $P = 20\%$, mais protégés pour des découvrements plus importants. Une analyse par quadrants montre alors que ce phénomène peut être expliqué par la capacité des événements turbulents instantanés de forte intensité à pénétrer entre les hémisphères pour atteindre le sédiment. Une troisième étude dans un canal aux dimensions plus importantes consiste à analyser la déstabilisation d’un lit sédimentaire initialement plat être couvrant totalement une canopée d’hémisphères immobiles. En début de la déstabilisation du lit,des dunes se forment et croissent, jusqu'à ce que leur volume devienne limité par l'apport initial de sédiment. Des zones érodées apparaissent alors entre ces dunes, dans lesquelles on observe du sédiment protégé entre les hémisphères immobiles. Il apparaît alors que cette protection est dépendante de la dimension des zones érodées. Sur les temps longs et après évacuation des dunes en aval du canal, l'effet de protection des hémisphères immobiles sur le sédiment est mis en avant, avec en particulier l'obtention d'une forte dépendance du taux d'érosion des grains en fonction du niveau de découvrement des hémisphères, un ralentissement soudain de l'érosionétant obtenu pour $P \sim 50 %. Ce changement de régime est expliqué en lien avec les résultats de l’étude précédente sur les groupes d’hémisphères. / This study is part of a project with the AFB (French Agency for Biodiversity), that aims to have abetter understanding of the remobilization of the sediment previously trapped in dams. After dambreaks, an amount of sediment is deposited downstream of the dam, this sediment being then setin motion on a bed of multi-scale immobile grains (gravels, rocks, boulders). The aim of this thesiswork is to study how coarse immobile grains can have an effect on the different scales of sedimenttransport. Thanks to three experimental studies in laboratory flumes, in which immobile coarsegrains are represented by a canopy of hemispheres, several effects of the roughness elements onsediment transport are emphasised. A preliminary study first aims to understand how theprotrusion of an isolated hemisphere impacts the local hydrodynamics upstream of thishemisphere, specifically through the horseshoe vortex developping near the roughness elementwall that can increases local grain entrainment rate. The horseshoe vortex, although deeplydocumented for simple roughness elements (cube, cylinder), remains poorly studied for roughnesselements with tilted or curved front wall like river coarse grains. This study shows that thedimensions and intensity of the horseshoe vortex are weaker for an obstacle with tilted wall thanfor an obstacle with bottom normal wall. This phenomenon is explained by the weaker adversepressure gradient developping upstream of the titlted wall, responsible for the boundary layerseparation and the horseshoe vortex formation. In a second study, the local hydrodynamics near aglued sediment bed placed in a patch of hemispherical roughness elements is studied, for severalprotrusion levels $P$ of the hemispheres (where $P = k/R$, with $k$ the height of the hemisphereprotruding over the sediment, and $R$ the total height of the hemisphere). It is shown that,depending on the protrusion of the hemispheres, strong local modifications of the near bedhydrodynamics can develop. For P = 20 %, zones of enhanced shear stress appear downstreamof the roughness elements, while for P \ge 20 %, this enhanced shear stress zones vanishes andthe sediment bed is sheltered. A quadrant analysis then shows that this phenomenon is explainedby the abality of intense instantaneous events to reach the sediment bed. A third experimentalstudy aims to analyze the erosion of a flat sediment bed initially uniformely covering a canopy ofstaggered hemispheres. In the beginning of the experiment, dunes are forming on the sedimentbed, until their volume is limited by the supply-limited sediment condition. Eroded areas thenappear between dunes, in which sediment is protected between the immobile hemispheres. Theanalyze shows that this protection is strongly dependant on the dimensions of the eroded areas.After dunes migrated downstream of the canal, the sheltering effect of the hemispheres isemphasised by measuring the erosion rate of the bed. It appears that the erosion rate is heavilydependant on the level of protrusion of the hemispheres, the erosion suddenly getting weaker forP \sim 50 %. This abrupt change of erosion regime is explained using the results of the previousstudy on local hydrodynamics in a patch of hemispheres.

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